Unsaturated chimasanduka: alkenes, katundu mankhwala ndi ntchito

Alkenes - chimasanduka unsaturated amene mamolekyulu pakati pa maatomu mpweya awiri, mmodzi awiri muzikondana. Iwo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chimasanduka ethylene zino, chifukwa ndi losavuta nthumwi ethylene NC2 = CH2. olefins zina chimasanduka awa amanenedwa ngati alkenes gaseous yatikhudza ndi bromine kapena chlorine kupanga mankhwala wochuluka kuti si sungunuka m'madzi. Mawu "alkenes" IUPAC nomenclature anachokera ku mawu akuti "alkanes", pomwe kutanthauza suffix m'malo mwa suffix -ene, zimene zikusonyeza kukhalapo mu molekyulu la thunthu la mgwirizano awiri.

Unsaturated chimasanduka - alkenes: kapangidwe

alkenes ankaona zotumphukira wa ethylene kapena ethene - C2H4.

The ethylene molekyulu lili maatomu mpweya awiri ndipo maatomu wa hydrogen zinayi, unsaturated mpweya maatomu. Aliyense wa mpweya unsaturated atomu hybridizes ra limodzi ndi awiri PI-orbitals, ndi zotsalira PI wina yozungulira mu "mawonekedwe choyera", yomwe imapereka mtunda pazipita orbitals wosakanizidwa amagetsi. nkhwangwa awo kupanga 120 °. Izi amalenga mulingo woyenera kuti alipo a orbitals elekitironi. Atatu amenewa orbitals maatomu mpweya kupanga atatu Sigma nsinga (awiri C-H, C-C a). Choncho, ethylene molekyulu ali nsinga Sigma asanu amene isanafalikire mu ndege chomwecho, kupanga pakati pawo makona 120 °. P-ma elekitironi kuti kukhalabe "woyera" kupanga ubale pakati pa maatomu awiri mpweya. Anafotokoza pakompyuta Kapangidwe ka ethylene mamolekyulu ankaikira alkenes. chimasanduka Unsaturated ndi kuonedwa ngati ofanana nawo a ethylene.

Pakuti alkene yodziwika ndi mitundu 2 isomerism - zojambula ndi structural.

isomers kandalama wa alkenes akuyamba ndi butene C4H8. Kusiyanitsa ndi mitundu yake - unyolo isomerism (kapena mpweya mafupa) ndi isomers mayikidwe a mgwirizano awiri mu dera oterowo.

Zojambula isomerism chifukwa Kusinthaku m'goli la substituents wa hydrogen mu molekyulu ya ethylene wachibale ndege ya mgwirizano awiri. chimasanduka Unsaturated ndi cis- ndi Trans-isomers.

Alkenes m'chigawo ufulu chosowa kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Iwo apanga ntchito mafakitale ndi zasayansi njira.

Chemical katundu wa chimasanduka: alkenes

Iwo amayamba ndi ubale awiri pakati pa maatomu awiri mpweya mu molekyulu wa alkene ndi.

The hydrogenation anachita

Alkenes anatani mosavuta kuphatikana a haidrojini. Kumachitika mu kukhalapo kwa catalysts kapena ndi magetsi:

CH2 = CH2 = H2 H3C CH3

kujowina halides

Anapeza anachita ndi a Markovnikov ulamuliro, i.e. mwa kuchita ndi halide wa hydrogen ndi asymmetric mamolekyulu alkenes wa hydrogen anawonjezera pa malo a kutanthauzira za mgwirizano awiri makamaka kwa mpweya atomu lotsatira limene pali zambiri maatomu wa hydrogen, ndi halogen atomu - kwa mpweya atomu pafupi zomwe zochepa maatomu wa hydrogen kapena kwathunthu iwo kulibeko:

CH3-CH = CH2 + HC1-CH3-CH3-CHC1.

Ntchito chimasanduka

Ethene - mpweya amasungunula bwino mowa ndi bwino sungunuka m'madzi, zachiwawa.

Iwo ali olemera mu mpweya akulimbana (20% ya okwana kulemera) ndi coke mpweya uvuni (pafupifupi 5%). Mu njira zasayansi wa madzi m'thupi la ethylene anakonza dehydrogenation wa ethane ndi Mowa. Ntchito kupeza ethylene ethyl mowa, vinilu enaake, ethylbenzyl, polyethylene, zoletsa kuwuma wothandizila (zinthu zomwe kuchepetsa ndi yozizira koopsa mfundo ya madzi mu injini) ndi ena zinthu organic. Mu anthu ndi mankhwala Chowona Zanyama, ethylene ntchito monga chiphunzitso mankhwala mbewu - kuti imathandizira pa yakucha wa zipatso (tomato, mandimu, ndipo ngati).

Propylene analandira pamodzi ndi ethylene mu pyrolysis ndi akulimbana za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta feedstock. Propylene - chigawo chimodzi cha mafuta galimoto. Izo ntchito monga feedstock kwa polypropylene, isopropylbenzyl, mowa isopropyl. Ndi isopropanol, acetone, ndi isopropylbenzyl - acetone ndi phenol. Propylene ntchito ngati mankhwala chomwa mankhwalawa kwa synthesizing acrylonitrile, cumene, butanol, etc.