Kulamulira Markovnikov vv chofunikira ndi zitsanzo

Zimene mankhwala pamalo chiwonongeko cha mgwirizano awiri mu alkenes ndi alkynes mu patatu akhoza kujowina particles osiyana. Kodi kumvera malamulo a ndondomeko imeneyi? Ndinaphunzira khalidwe asymmetrical homologues ya ethylene ndi pa gidrogalogenirovanii hydration Russian wasayansi vv Markovnikov. Iye anapeza kuti limagwirira zimene otaya amadalira momwe chiwerengero cha a hydrogen ndi mpweya chikugwirizana ndi chomangira awiri. The kungoganizira atapereka ndi wasayansi, anatsimikizira pambuyo kufufuza mu munda wa dongosolo atomiki. ulamuliro Markovnikov a anaika maziko kwa chilengedwe cha sayansi ndi ntchito zothandiza. Iwo amalola kuti efficiently ntchito yopanga ma polima, lubricants, alcohols.

ulamuliro Markovnikov a

Russian wasayansi ntchito zoyenera nthawi zambiri kuphunzira asymmetric reagents kuphatikana limagwirira kuti chimasanduka unsaturated. M'nkhani yake, lofalitsidwa mu German mu 1870, vv Markovnikov nakokera tcheru wa dera sayansi pa selectivity wa mogwirizana kwa halides wa hydrogen ndi maatomu mpweya ili pa ubale awiri mu alkenes unsymmetrical. kafukufuku Russian ukutchulidwa deta ndi zimene zimachitikadi zasayansi. Markovnikov analemba kuti halogen kwenikweni alumikizidwa ndi mpweya atomu amene ali ndi chiwerengero zing'onozing'ono maatomu wa hydrogen. Ambiri ntchito otchuka asayansi anapeza pa chiyambi cha m'ma XX. Iye akufuna wa amanena za limagwirira wa mogwirizana amatchedwa "ulamuliro wa Markovnikov."

Moyo ndi ntchito ya sayansi, organics

Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov anabadwa 25 (13 malinga ndi nkhani. Kalendala) mu December 1837. Iye anaphunzira ku yunivesite ya Kazan, ndipo kenako anaphunzitsa pa sukulu imodzi ndi University ya Moscow. Markovnikov kuphunzira khalidwe la chimasanduka unsaturated mmene anachitira ndi halides wa hydrogen kuyambira 1864. Mpaka 1899, asayansi ku mayiko ena sanamvere mfundo ya pa zamankhwala Russian. Markovnikov, kupatula ulamuliro, dzina ulemu wake wobadwa angapo anapezazo ena:

• Ndinalandira asidi cyclobutanedicarboxylic;
• Ine ankafufuza mafuta a nyale ndipo anatsegula organic zinthu zapadera zikuchokera - naphtha;
• Ndakupatsani kusiyana mfundo limatsogolera wa mankhwala ndi unyolo nthambi ndi molunjika;
• anatsimikizira isomerism mafuta zidulo.

Zokambirana wasayansi chinathandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale zoweta mankhwala ndi sayansi.

Mfundo yaikulu ya kungoganizira atapereka ndi Markovnikov

Wasayansi zaka zambiri akuphunzira reagent zochita Kuwonjezera chimasanduka unsaturated wina ndi awiri chomangira (alkenes). Iwo ananena kuti ngati mankhwala pano hayidirojeni, ndiye anatumiza kwa mpweya atomu, muli particles kwambiri mitunduyi. anion amamangiriridwa kwa mpweya pafupi. Izi ndi ulamuliro Markovnikov zomwenso ake. namatetule Scientific kulosera za makhalidwe a particles, kapangidwe ka umene panthawi imeneyo sanali bwino kwambiri. Malinga ndi ulamuliro, kuti ethylene ndi hydrocarbon kujowina zipangizo pawiri ndi zikuchokera HX, mmene X ndi:

• halogen;
• HA;
• asidi zotsalira asidi sulfuric;
• particles ena.

Modern phokoso Markovnikov ulamuliro isiyana formulations wasayansi: a atomu wa hydrogen ku NH mamolekyulu attachable alkene walangizidwa mpweya awiri chomangira pa kale lili wa hydrogen zambiri, ndi X ndi tinthu amapita wamng'ono hydrogenated atomu.

Limagwirira za ubwenzi wa particles electrophilic

Taganizirani mitundu ya zochita mankhwala omwe ulamuliro ikugwira Markovnikov. zitsanzo:

1. Kuwonjezera zimene mankhwala enaake a hydrogen kuti propene. Pa zimachitika pakati pa particles waonongeka awiri muzikondana. Mankhwala anion imatsogoleredwa ndi mpweya zochepa hydrogenated ili pa ubale awiri. Haidrojeni amachitira ndi ambiri maatomu izi hydrogenated. Anapanga 2-chloro propane.
2. The madzi molekyulu hydroxyl Kuwonjezera zimene umembala wake adza kwa mpweya zochepa hydrogenated. Haidrojeni anawonjezera kuti hydrogenated atomu kwambiri pa ubale awiri.

Pali osaphatikizidwamo kuchokera akufuna Markovnikov ulamuliro pa mmene anthu kumene reactants ndi alkenes, imene mpweya pa ubale awiri kale anthu ena zoipa. Iwo amasankha pang'ono elekitironi osalimba, amene zambiri chidwi ndi wa hydrogen ndithu mlandu. Musatsate malamulo ndi zochita zikuchitika kwakukulu koposa electrophilic limagwirira (Harish zochitika). kuchotserapo izi angasokoneze nyota malamulo anachokera otchuka Russian organic sayansi V. V. Markovnikovym.