Physico-mankhwala mapangidwe zinthu

Thupi ndi mankhwala kafukufuku malangizo zimapangidwira mawunikidwe akhala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zonse za zochita za anthu. Iwo amakulolani kufufuza katundu wa chinthu chidwi kuzindikira kachulukidwe chigawo chimodzi cha zigawo zikuluzikulu mu chitsanzo.

zipangizo kuphunzira

Kafukufuku wa sayansi ali cognition wa chinthu kapena chodabwitsa kuti apeze dongosolo mfundo ndi chidziwitso. Mfundo zikugwira ntchito njira ntchito anawagawira mu:

• wazotsatira;
• bungwe;
• dongosolo;
• Njira kusanthula Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe.

njira kafukufuku wazotsatira kuonetsa chinthu pansi kuphunzira ndi mawonetseredwe kunja ndi monga polojekiti, muyeso, ndi kuyesera, poyerekezera. Phunziro wazotsatira zachokera mfundo odalirika ndi siyikhuzana chilengedwe cha zinthu yokumba kwa kusanthula.

njira m'gulu - poyerekeza, kotenga, zovuta. Choyamba zikutanthauza ndi kufanana kwa madera a chinthu amwedwa pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana ndi m'mikhalidwe yosiyana Chrixitu. Kotenga - ananena chinthu phunziro kwa nthawi yaitali. Zovuta ndi akaphatikiza kotenga ndi poyerekeza njira.

Dongosolo njira - majini ndi structural. Majini zosinthika kumaphatikizapo kuphunzira chinthu kuyambira penipeni. Kandalama njira ikufotokoza ndipo akufotokoza chipangizo chinthu.

Njira Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe amachita kusanthula ndi umagwirira mawunikidwe. Chemical maphunziro umalimbana kudziŵa zikuchokera chinthu kafukufuku.

Njira kusanthula kachulukidwe

Kudzera mwa kusanthula kachulukidwe wa zikuchokera kwa mankhwala akufotokozera umagwirira mawunikidwe. Pafupifupi onse njira ntchito kuphunzira zimamangidwa motsatira mankhwala ndi thupi katundu wa thunthu pa kapangidwe kake.

kusanthula kachulukidwe ndi okwana wathunthu ndi tsankho. Cacikulu Mzimuyo chiwerengero cha zinthu zonse kudziwika kwa chinthu akuphunziridwa, kaya alipo mu zikuchokera kapena ayi. Full kusanthula kupeza chosiyana zikuchokera kachulukidwe wa zinthu zili chitsanzo. Tsankho chimake amasankha nkhani za yekha zigawo zikuluzikulu chidwi kuphunzira zinthu mankhwala.

Malinga njira kusanthula pali magulu njira zitatu: mankhwala, thupi ndi physicochemical. Onse amasintha mu thupi katundu kapena mankhwala thunthu.

maphunziro mankhwala

Njira imeneyi cholinga chake pa akudzizindikiritsa zinthu quantitatively mu zochita zosiyanasiyana mankhwala zikuchitika. Yotsirizira ndi mawonetseredwe Link (mtundu kusintha, zamoyo wa mpweya, kutentha, precipitate). Njira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za moyo masiku ano anthu ambiri. Laboratory kafukufuku mankhwala ndi kwenikweni pano mu mankhwala a, petrochemical, zomangamanga ndi ena ambiri.

mitundu itatu ya kafukufuku mankhwala tingaone. Gravimetry, kapena kusanthula gravimetric potengera makhalidwe kachulukidwe ya kusintha ya analyte mu chitsanzo. Izi njira yosavuta amapereka zotsatira zolondola koma ndi nthawi kudya. Mu mtundu wa njira mankhwala kufufuza analakalaka chinthu yamasulidwa zikuchokera wonse wa precipitate kapena mpweya. Iwo anali Kenako mu gawo olimba insoluble, ndi osasankhidwa, ndasambitsa ndi zouma. Potsatira ndondomeko izi kulemedwa chigawo.

Titrimetry ndi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena kusanthula. Mankhwala Research amapezeka ndi kuyeza kuchuluka kwa reagent kuti wakwiya ndi analyte lapansi. ndende yake amadziwika pasadakhale. Voliyumu ya reagent chimaonekera pamene pazikhala kufanana mfundo. Pamene mpweya kusanthula kapena kudziwa kuchuluka kwa odzipereka asankhidwa mpweya.

Komanso kafukufuku amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito zitsanzo mankhwala. Ndiko kuti, kulenga analogue wa chinthu akuphunziridwa, yabwino kwambiri kuphunzira.

kafukufuku Physics

Mosiyana ndi kafukufuku mankhwala zochokera pogwira motero, njira thupi la kusanthula zochokera katundu zinthu zofanana. Awo kukhazikitsa amafuna zipangizo zina zapadera. njira tichipeza mu kuyeza kusintha makhalidwe a mankhwala chifukwa cha kutentha kwa. Njira yaikulu ya Kupenda zathupi refractometry, polarimetry, fluorimetry.

Refractometry ikuchitika ntchito refractometer. njira kumachepetsa kuphunzira za refraction wa m'kupita kuwala kwa sing'anga wina ndi mzake. Kusintha mbali ichi zimadalira katundu wa zigawo zikuluzikulu sing'anga. Choncho, imatheka kudziwa zikuchokera sing'anga ndi matabwa ake.

Polarimetry ndi njira kuwala Kupenda zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito luso zinthu zina atembenuza ndi oscillation wa linearly magetsi ndege kuwala.

Fluorimetry ntchito lasers ndi nyali Mercury yotulutsa cheza monochromatic. Ena zinthu angathe fluoristsentirovat (kuyamwa ndi kumasula cheza odzipereka). Iwo amanena kuti mtima kachulukidwe zinthu zochokera kuwala kwambiri.

Thupi ndi mankhwala kafukufuku

njira thupi ndi mankhwala kafukufuku kulembetsa kusintha mu thupi katundu wa nkhani mchikakamizo cha zochita zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Iwo zochokera kudalira mwachindunji za maonekedwe a chinthu pa mankhwala ake zikuchokera. Njirazi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zina. Childs, kuonerera imachitidwa kwa madutsidwe ikukhudzana madutsidwe magetsi, kuwala mayamwidwe, mfundo kuwira ndi kusungunuka.

Physico-mankhwala maphunziro a mankhwala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa molondola mkulu ndi liwiro la zotsatira kupeza. Masiku ano chifukwa cha chitukuko cha IT-umisiri mankhwala njira zakhala zovuta kwambiri kutsatira. njira Physico-mankhwala ntchito mu adzasowa chakudya, ulimi, forensics.

Chimodzi kusiyana waukulu njira physico-mankhwala mankhwala ndi kuti mapeto a anachita (a pazikhala kufanana mfundo) amapezeka ndi kuyeza zipangizo, osati zowoneka.

Njira yaikulu ya kafukufuku thupi ndi mankhwala akuti ndi kawalidwe, electrochemical, matenthedwe ndi chromatographic njira.

Kawalidwe kusanthula njira zinthu

Mu njira yochokera kusanthula kawalidwe wa chinthu zochokera mogwirizana ndi cheza mu atomu. Mayamwidwe, kusinkhasinkha, kubalalitsa lomaliza. dzina lina njira - kuwala. Ndi ya kafukufuku Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe. kusanthula kawalidwe walola kuti asa- mipweya, zigawo zikuluzikulu dongosolo, ndi maginito ndi makhalidwe ena a thunthu.

njira tichipeza mu kudziŵa mafurikwense resonant limene nkhani amachitira kuyatsa. Iwo ali mosamalitsa munthu aliyense chigawo. Mothandizidwa ndi spectroscope aone mizere mu sipekitiramu ndi mukuzidziwa kwa thunthu. Mphamvu ya mizere kawalidwe amapereka lingaliro la mapangidwe kachulukidwe. Gulu la osiyanasiyana kawalidwe njira ndi mtundu ndi cholinga cha phunziroli.

Umuna njira amatilola kuphunzira makulidwe umuna ndi amene amapereka malangizo pa zikuchokera thunthu. Kwa deta pansi magetsi Arc kumaliseche. inanso njira imeneyi ndi lawi photometry. Mayamwidwe makulidwe ali ankafufuza njira mayamwidwe. Mungachite pamwamba ndi Mkhalidwe kusanthula zinthu.

kusanthula kachulukidwe akuyerekeza mwamphamvu kawalidwe za mzere kawalidwe mayeso chinthu ndi chinthu ndende kudziwika. njira zimenezi pazikhalanso atomiki mayamwidwe, atomiki fulorosenti ndi kafukufuku luminescent, turbidimetry, nephelometry.

Zapansi kusanthula electrochemical zinthu

kusanthula Electrochemical amagwiritsa electrolysis kuphunzira kanthu. zochita akutsatiridwa mu amadzimadzi yothetsera pa maelekitirodi lapansi. Muyeso kukhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zilipo. Kafukufuku amene anachitidwa mu selo electrochemical. chotengera ichi, chimene anaikidwa electrolyte ndi (amaayoni wochititsa zinthu), maelekitirodi (zinthu pakompyuta conductive). Maelekitirodi ndi electrolytes kucheza. Pamene panopa ili umaperekedwa kuchokera kunja.

Gulu la njira electrochemical

njira Electrochemical anawagawira pamaziko a zochitika, zomwe ndi zochokera maphunziro physico-mankhwala. Njira imeneyi ndi imposition wa nyumba ena ndi popanda izo.

Conductometry ndi njira analytic amaona madutsidwe magetsi ndi G. Pamene conductometric zofufuza amagwiritsidwa ntchito alternating panopa. Conductometric titration - njira kafukufuku wamba. Njira imeneyi zinachokera pa ulimi wa conductometers kunyamula ntchito maphunziro mankhwala madzi.

Pogwira potentiometry anayeza EMF kusintha electrochemical selo. coulometry njira Mzimuyo kuchuluka kwa magetsi ankadya pa electrolysis. Voltammetry amasanthula kudalira kufunika panopa mphamvu anaika.

Matenthedwe kusanthula njira zinthu

Matenthedwe kusanthula Cholinga pa akudzizindikiritsa kusintha mu thupi katundu ndi zinthu ndi kutentha. njira kafukufuku akutsatiridwa mu nthawi yochepa ndi pang'ono chitsanzo kuphunzira.

Thermogravimetry - mmodzi wa njira kusanthula ikukhudzana zomwe chimachititsa kulembetsa ya misa kusintha chinthu chifukwa kutentha. Njira imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa zinthu molondola kwambiri.

Komanso njira matenthedwe wa kufufuza monga calorimetry Mzimuyo kutentha mphamvu ya mankhwala entalpimetriya zochokera kutentha yeniyeni ya phunziroli. Komanso, mmodzi wa iwo kunena dilatometer amene atakhazikitsa kusintha chitsanzo voliyumu chifukwa kutentha.

njira Chromatographic a kusanthula zinthu

chromatographic njira ndi njira kupatukana zinthu. Pali mitundu yambiri ya koromatogarafe, anthu lalikulu mpweya, kugawa, redox, sedimentation, ion kuwombola.

The zigawo zikuluzikulu mu chitsanzo zidzasankhidwa pakati pa magawo m'manja n'kupuma. Mbali yoyamba tikulankhula zakumwa kapena mpweya. Gawo n'kupuma ndi sorbent - olimba. zigawo nyemba mu gawo mafoni ali kuyenda n'kupuma. Liwiro ndi nthawi ya chigawo cha zigawo kudzera mbali yomaliza ya kuweruza katundu lawo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira thupi ndi mankhwala a kafukufuku

The malangizo ofunika kwambiri njira thupi ndi mankhwala ndi ukhondo-mankhwala ndi kufufuza mankhwala azamalamulo. Iwo ali nako kusiyana. Mbali yoyamba, kuti aziona kuwunika ntchito mfundo za ukhondo atsopano. Iwo anapereka Utumiki. kafukufuku ukhondo-mankhwala ikuchitika m'njira zotchulidwa utumiki AIDS. The ndondomeko chitsanzo ntchito atolankhani motengera katundu wa malonda chakudya. iwonso kubereka zikhalidwe ikugwira ntchito mwa chitsanzo.

phunziro mankhwala azamalamulo Cholinga quantitatively kudziwa mankhwala, mankhwala mwakhama ndi ziphe mu thupi, mankhwala chakudya, kukonzekera mankhwala. kumupima wochititsidwa ndi zochita bwalo.