Chidina zomera. Mitundu zomera chidina

Zakale - ndi zamoyo anasunga mu dziko m'madera ena kuyambira nthawi zakale, ngakhale kusintha zinthu aliko. Iwo ali zotsala za magulu makolo, ndiwo ambiri m'mbuyomu nyengo miyala. Mawu "chidina" lachokera ku reliquus Latin, lomwe limatanthauza "mpumulo."

zomera Relict ndi zinyama za mtengo wapatali sayansi. Iwo onyamula zambiri ndipo kungakhale kwambiri za chilengedwe cha Nthawi makedzana. Tiyeni titenge woyanjana ndi zamoyo mbewu wachinsinsi monga chidina.

Geographical zomera chidina

Ndi mitundu Hrs relict zomera zimasungika mu chigawo chomwe mufuna monga otsalira a m'mbuyomu nyengo miyala imene zikhalidwe za kukhalako wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera lero. Choncho, Neogene (ukachenjede) zotsalira monga nkhalango kupanga mitengo (mgoza, zelkova, ndi ena), chiwerengero cha yobiriwira zitsamba (Goryanka Colchic, boxwood, ruscus aculeatus, rhododendron pontic neri Al.), Ndipo zomera udzu kukula mu Kolkhida. Izi ndi mitundu mwachilungamo kutentha wachikondi zomera chidina, kotero iwo anali m'madera nyengo ofunda.

Zitsanzo za relicts glacial ndi cinquefoil chithaphwi, Chimakula mu Caucasus, ndi birch nyenyezi yaing'ono, zisungidwe Europe Central.

relicts Phylogenetic (mafupawa wamoyo)

Izi mitundu panopa alipo a taxa, pafupifupi mwathunthu mamiliyoni zinatha zaka zapitazo. iwo zimasungika, monga ulamuliro, chifukwa kudzipatula malo osiyanasiyana awo ku magulu kwambiri patsogolo. Ndi phylogenetic chidina zomera monga ngati ginkgo, Metasequoia, horsetail, sciadopitys, Wollemi, Liquidambar, Welwitschia.

ginkgo

Relict mtengo, ndi limodzi mwa mabuku akale Padziko Lapansi. Kuphunzira toyesa malasha kusonyeza kuti Ginkgo zaka si pasanathe zaka 200 miliyoni. Iwo anaonekera pa chiyambi cha malemu Permian, ndi pakati Jurassic kukula kale osachepera 15 genera Ginkgo.

Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba ) - mitundu yekha anasunga ndigwira. Ndi zomera deciduous za thupi gymnosperms. kutalika kwake ndi mamita 40. Mitengo yodziwika ndi dongosolo bwino anayamba mizu kugonjetsedwa ndi nyengo siili, makamaka kwa mphepo yamphamvu. Pali nthawi kuti pa msinkhu wa 2.5 zikwi. Zaka.

Chifukwa kuwonjezera gymnosperms ginkgo anali paini ndi spruce, musanayambe zochitikazi mbewu athu a paini, ngakhale ndi osiyana kwambiri kwa iwo. Komabe, kwa tsiku, pali malangizo amene makolo ndi wakale Ginkgo mbewu Mumapezekanso.

Sanaonepo awa otchedwa mafupawa moyo umakhoza kukhala mwa China ndi Japan. Koma lero, mmera nakulitsa m'mapaki ndi minda botanical ku North America ndi zone m'madera oyandikana Europe.

Metasequoia

Zikutanthauza mtundu wa conifers Cyprus banja. Panopa, pali chabe chidina anasunga - gliptostrobovidnaya Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). zomera ambiri mitundu anali mu nkhalango kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Anayamba kufa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi mpikisano mitengo ikuluikulu-Ndalankhula. toyesa moyo wa mtengo uwu anapezeka mu 1943. Lisanaperekedwe, Metasequoia imapezeka mu mawonekedwe a mafupa ndi ankaona zinatha.

Pakali pano, zomera chidina zili kuthengo kokha m'zigawo za Sichuan ndi Hubei (chapakati China) ndipo m'gulu la International Red Book, chifukwa iwo ali pafupi kutha.

Chifukwa cha zithunzi pempho Metasequoia wakula mu minda yokongola ndi malo a ku Central Asia, Ukraine, Crimea, ndi Caucasus, komanso mu Canada, United States ndiponso m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya.

Liquidambar

Liquidambar (Liquidambar) wa mtundu maluwa zomera Aptingievye banja kuphatikizapo mitundu asanu. Ponseponse deta chidina zomera anali mu nthawi Ukachenjede. Chifukwa kutha kwawo ku Ulaya kunali ayezi chachikulu pa Ice Age. Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chinathandiza kutha kwa zachilengedwe North America ndi Far East.

Today Liquidambar wamba mu North America, Europe ndi Asia.

Lalikulu ndithu deciduous mitengo kukula kwa mamita 25-40, masamba palmate-lobed ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono, anasonkhana inflorescence globular. zipatso ali ndi mabokosi maonekedwe zake, mkati limene pali kuchuluka kwa mbewu.

equisetum

Izi zotsalira - ndi chomera mtundu wa mtima zisungidwe ambiri ndi manambala panopa za 30 mitundu. mitundu yonse tsopano kukula udzu osatha. Kutalika akhoza mamita angapo. Zamtundu waukulu ndi chimphona horsetail (Equisetum giganteum). Pamene m'mimba mwake wa thunthu, osati upambana 0,03 m, iwo akhoza kufika kutalika pazipita mamita 12. Kukula horsetail chimphona cha Chile, Mexico, Peru ndi Cuba. Palinso limakula ndi amphamvu kwambiri mtundu - Schaffner horsetail (Equisetum schaffneri). Pa kutalika kwa 2 m awiri ndi 10 cm.

Zimayambira horsetails yodziwika ndi stiffness wa Kumwambamwamba, amene chafotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa silika. Zomera komanso ndi mizu kwambiri anayamba ndi mizu adventitious pa mfundo yomwe ndi kugonjetsedwa kwambiri zinthu zosiyanasiyana chokhwima komanso kupulumuka moto. Horsetails sizachilendo m'maiko ambiri, kupatula Australia ndipo iri kokha Antarctica.

Wollemi

Pine relict mtengo ankaimira mtundu wokha - Wollemi wolemekezeka (Wollémia nóbilis). Ndi mmodzi wa zomera wamkulu. Chimakula mmbuyo mu nthawi Jurassic. Zomera ankaganiza kuti zinatha kwa nthawi yaitali. Komabe, mu 1994, Wollemi anatulukira ndi mmodzi wa ogwira ntchito za Park National la Australia ndi David Noble, amene ulemu ndi dzina lake maganizo (nobilis - "wolemekezeka"). Anapeza pafupifupi lonse relict munda. M'badwo wa mitengo wamkulu anapeza ankati zaka zoposa 1000.

Wollemi mtengo si mkulu. Choncho, kungakhale kwa mamita 35-40. zomera masamba ndi masamba kwathunthu zofanana Agatis Jurassic, pali za miliyoni 150 zapitazo ndipo ngoziyi kholo malasha Wollemi kuchokera mochedwa nthawi Jurassic.

sciadopitys

Pali mtundu umodzi wokha - sciadopitys whorled (Sciadopitys verticillata). M'mbuyomu nyengo miyala, mtundu uwu wa mitengo anali kufalikira yaikulu. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi yakuti mabwinja awo anapeza mu Cretaceous ku Japan, Greenland, Norway, Yakutia, mu Urals lapansi.

Pa mfundo imeneyi zinthu zachilengedwe sciadopitys ilo limakula yekha pa zisumbu mu Japan, komwe anali pa msinkhu wa mamita 500-1000 pamwamba pa nyanja mu nkhalango chinyezi phiri, komanso malo otsetsereka, mu m'zigwa kutali m'nkhalango ya.

Sciadopitys - yobiriwira mtengo ali pyramidal korona. Iwo akhoza kukula ndi kutalika kwa 40 mamita thunthu kukula mu circumference -. Kuti mamita 4. Yodziwika ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono kwambiri. mtengo limatchedwa "ambulera paini" chifukwa cha dongosolo lapadera la singano lapansi. singano ake flattened ali ndi pafupifupi kutalika kwa 0,15 m, whorls onyenga kupanga ndi kufalitsa popanda mmbali, ngati masipoko ambulera.

zipatso Sciadopitys ndi chowulungika cones, yakucha nthawi zimene ziri zaka ziwiri.

Popeza sciadopitys akhale nthawi yaitali kukula mu muli, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu horticulture yokongola ngati m'nyumba ndi kutentha zomera. Monga paki chikhalidwe anayambitsa ku Ulaya cha m'ma 19.

Welwitschia

Welwitschia chodabwitsa (Welwitschia mirabilis) - yekha zilipo mitundu. Mmodzi mwa abale atatu woyambawo gnetalians kalasi m'malo ambiri kuti masiku ano. dzina lake Welwitschia chodabwitsa kuti analandira chifukwa cha maonekedwe ake zachilendo.

Chomera sakonda chilichonse pa udzu kapena pa chitsamba kapena mtengo. Ndi wandiweyani thunthu, 15-50 masentimita yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda pamwamba nthaka. Mbali zonse za izo wabisika pansi. Ndipo chotero masamba relict kufika mamita 2 lonse ndi mamita 6 m'litali. The zaka ena toyesa pa zaka 2000.

Welwitschia ndi locus a mbali ya kum'mwera, kumadzulo kwa Africa, akuti miyala Kachikumbu chipululu, ili m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Atlantic gombe. Chomera chosowa kwambiri kupeza mamita oposa 100 pa nyanza. Ichi ndi chifukwa ngati mtunda akhoza kugonjetsa chifunga kuti Welwitschia ndi gwero la madzi opatsa moyo.