Mlembi ndi chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic. Chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka organic mankhwala A. M. Butlerova

Umagwirira - ndi sayansi kuti amatipatsa zosiyanasiyana nsalu ndi katundu wa m'nyumba, zomwe ife sanazengereze ntchito tsiku lililonse. Koma kubwera kwa kutsegulidwa zosiyanasiyana ngati mankhwala, amene amadziwika lero, akatswiri ambiri zimayenera kudutsa njira zovuta sayansi.

A zambiri ntchito, ambiri bwino ndipo atalephera zatsopano, ukanakhala ongolankhula kudziwa m'munsi - zonse izi zinachititsa kuti pakhale a m'madera osiyana zimapangidwira mafakitale walola kuti lithe ndi ntchito zipangizo zamakono: mphira, mapulasitiki, mapulasitiki, resins, kasakaniza wazitsulo, magalasi zosiyanasiyana, silicones, ndi zina zotero.

Mmodzi wa wotchuka kwambiri, akatswiri wolemekezeka, amene anapanga amathandiza kwambiri chitukuko zimapangidwira organic anali Russian anthu Butlerov NDINE ntchito Zake, zomwe wakwaniritsa ndi zotsatira za ntchito ya ife tione m'nkhani ino.

mbiri yamoyo ndi maphunziro

Tsiku lobadwa wasayansi wa - mu September 1828, chiwerengero cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana si yunifolomu. Iye anali mwana wa msilikali wamkulu Michael Butlerova mayi anataya oyambirira zokwanira. ubwana onse anakhala pa malo banja la agogo ake m'mudzi Podlesnaya Shentala (tsopano dziko la Tatarstan m'dera).

Anaphunzira malo osiyana, woyamba mu chatsekedwa sukulu payekha, ndiye kusekondale. Kenako analowa University of Kazan mu dipatimenti ya sayansi ndi masamu. Komabe, ngakhale chidwi kwambiri zimapangidwira. Mlembi tsogolo la chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic kukhala pambuyo maphunziro ku malo monga mphunzitsi.

1851 - chitetezo cha nkhani yolembedwa woyamba maphunziro pa "makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala organic". Pambuyo ntchito wanzeru anapatsidwa mwayi woyang'anira umagwirira lonse ku yunivesite.

Mlembi ndi chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic unali wautali ntchito makwerero ndi mu 1874 anakhala mmodzi wa ophunzira bwino St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Scientist anamwalira m'chaka cha 1886, komwe anakhala mwana mu malo banja la agogo ake. Mu banja la nyumba yopemphereramo m'deralo ndipo anaikidwa m'manda.

chopereka Scientist kuti chitukuko cha chidziwitso mankhwala

Chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka organic mankhwala Butlerov - Ndithu ntchito yake yaikulu. Komabe, osati mmodzi yekha. Zinali sayansi iyi adalenga woyamba Russian sukulu ya akatswiri.

Ndipo kuchokera makoma ake anali asayansi amenewa, amene pambuyo pake kulemera kwakukulu chitukuko cha dziko lonse la sayansi. Awa ndi anthu awa:

• Markovnikov;
• hares;
• Kondakov;
• Tabori;
• Konovalov;
• Lions ndi ena.

Author ndi chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic walenga angapo ntchito pa sayansi ya zachilengedwe monga zimapangidwira. Makamaka kwambiri za kafukufuku wakhala zoyenera kuti organic mankhwala.

Ntchito umagwirira organic

Ntchito zoterozo angatchedwe kwambiri. Pambuyo Butlerof pafupifupi nthawi ufulu anakhala mu choyezera yunivesite, akuchita zatsopano zosiyanasiyana, kupanga anapezazo ndi tanthauzo lake. Monga choncho anabadwa chiphunzitso cha dongosolo mankhwala mankhwala organic.

Pali ena ntchito makamaka tima wasayansi ndi:

• izo analengedwa ndi lipoti la msonkhano pa mutu wakuti "Pa kapangidwe mankhwala kanthu";
• zolemba pamaphunziro ntchito "Pa mafuta n'kofunika;
• choyamba ntchito sayansi "The makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala organic".

Isanafike mawu ake ndi Kulenga kwa wolemba ndi chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic kwa nthawi yaitali kuphunzira ntchito asayansi ena ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndinaphunzira ntchito zawo, kuphatikizapo katswiri woyendetsa. Pakumala, kuti zambiri ndi dongosolo chidziwitso anapeza anasonyeza mfundo zonse mwa mawu a chiphunzitso chake mwadzina.

Chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka organic mankhwala A. M. Butlerova

m'ma XIX ikusonyezedwa ndi chitukuko mofulumira pafupifupi onse sayansi, kuphatikizapo zimapangidwira. Makamaka, kupitiriza kudziunjikira atulukira lalikulu la carbon ndi mankhwala ake, zinthu organic bwanji zosiyanasiyana zake zonse. Koma palibe amene angayerekeze bungwe ndi yalani mfundo yoona iyi onse, kukhala ndi chimodzi chimene ndikupeza dongosolo wamba, limene zonse wamangidwa.

Woyamba anapanga Butlerov A. M. Kuti ndimaganizo wanzeru wa kapangidwe mankhwala mankhwala organic, zinthu zomwe iye anati misa pa msonkhano German wa akatswiri. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano mu chitukuko cha sayansi, umagwirira organic anayamba njira ya chitukuko mwakayakaya.

Wasayansi anapita pang'onopang'ono. Anakhala zambiri zatsopano ndipo ananeneratu kuti kuli zipangizo ndi katundu anakonzeratu, anatulukira mitundu ina ya zochita, ndipo anaona pambuyo pawo m'tsogolo. Ambiri anaphunzira ntchito anzawo ndi apeza. iye yekha ndi izi ndi ntchito mosamala ndipo mumzindawo akadali anatha kulenga mwaluso wake. Ndipo tsopano, chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic mu izi Chemistry gawo - pafupifupi zofanana ndi za dongosolo zodziwitsa mu zochita kupanga.

Kutsegula wasayansi asanalengedwe chiphunzitso

Kodi atulukira zinalengedwa ndi kupatsidwa ongolankhula kulungamitsidwa katswiri pamaso panali chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka organic mankhwala A. M. Butlerova?

1. namatetule M'banja loyamba apanga zinthu organic monga methenamine, formaldehyde, methylene iodide ndi ena.
2. Apanga ochokera shuga zochita kupanga zinthu (ukachenjede mowa), potero kupangitsa nkhonyayo pafupi ndi chiphunzitso vitalism.
3. Iye ananeneratu za tsogolo zochita polymerization, adawayitana zabwino zingamuthandize.
4. Isomerism anali woyamba nawatanthauzira iwo okha.

Ndithudi, izi ndi yachitika lalikulu la ntchito yake yokha. Ndipotu, zaka zambiri ntchito mwakhama tinganene kuti ndi wasayansi kwa nthawi yaitali. Komabe, lapadera kwambiri lero wakhala onse chiphunzitso chomwecho cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic, amene udindo ndi kulankhula zina.

Udindo woyamba wa chiphunzitso

Mu 1861, akulu Russian wasayansi pa msonkhano wa akatswiri mu mzinda wa Speyer kugawana ndi anzake maganizo awo pa kapangidwe ka zimayambitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala organic, kusonyeza zonse izi mu mawonekedwe a chiphunzitso.

Chinthu choyamba ndi izi: maatomu onse mkati molekyulu ndi ogwirizana mu ndondomeko, amaonekera ndi valency awo. Pamene mpweya atomu zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho chizindikiro valence wofanana anayi. Mpweya ali mtengo wa chizindikiro ichi ndi wofanana ndi awiri a hydrogen - umodzi.

Iye anandiuza mbali mofanana otchedwa mankhwala kapangidwe ka thunthu. Kenako tisonyezeni mawu ake anatengedwa pa pepala ndi mitunduyi likutipatsa zonse structural, Zachepetsedwa ndi maselo.

Iyi ndi chodabwitsa particles ndi mpweya olumikizidwa kwa wina ndi mnzake mu unyolo wosatha dongosolo osiyana (liniya, ozungulira, nthambi).

Ambiri, chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic Butlerova malo ake udzadutsemo tanthauzo valency ndi chilinganizo logwirizana aliyense pawiri, katundu akunyezimiritsa ndi makhalidwe a mankhwala pa zochita.

Udindo wachiwiri wa chiphunzitso

Pa nthawi imeneyi ankaifotokoza zosiyanasiyana mankhwala organic mu dziko. Zochokera kugwirizana carbons mu unyolo, wasayansi adafotokoza kuti m'dzikoli pali yosiyana mankhwala ndi katundu osiyana, koma kwathunthu zofanana maselo zikuchokera. M'mawu ena, pali chodabwitsa isomerism.

Izi chiphunzitso makonzedwe a dongosolo la organic mankhwala A. M. Butlerova anafotokoza osati akamanena za isomers, ndi isomers, komanso wasayansi zothandiza zimene anthu anatsimikizira.

Mwachitsanzo, iye apanga byuteni isomer - isobutane. Ndiye, pentane anali ananeneratu kuti kulibe alibe wina koma atatu isomers, potengera dongosolo la pawiri ndi. Ndipo lithe iwo onse, kutsimikizira wosalakwa.

Kuwulura udindo lachitatu

Chinthu chotsatira pa chiphunzitso limanena kuti maatomu onse ndi tizidutswa mkati pawiri chomwecho zingakhudze katundu wa mnzake. Kuyambira lero ndi kudzadalira khalidwe la thunthu mu osiyanasiyana zochita, anaonetsa mankhwala ndi zina.

Choncho, pansi makonzedwe kudziwa zambiri makalasi a mankhwala organic zimasiyanasiyana maonekedwe ndi dongosolo liwulo zinchito gulu.

Chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka organic mankhwala A. M. Butlerova mwachidule pafupifupi mabuku a zasayansi organic. Ndipotu ndi - maziko a chigawo ichi, malongosoledwe a malamulo onse, amene anamanga molekyulu.

Mtengo kwa chiphunzitso zamakono

Ndithudi, izo ali wamkulu. Chiphunzitsochi kunapangitsa:

1. kugwirizanitsa ndi kulinganiza zinthu zonse yoona anasonkhanitsa ndi nthawi ya chilengedwe chake;
2. tafotokozani dongosolo la moyo, katundu wa mankhwala osiyanasiyana;
3. kupereka mafotokozedwe zonse zifukwa zoterozo lalikulu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala mu zimapangidwira;
4. Iye anapereka chiyambi cha syntheses ambiri a zinthu zatsopano, zochokera chakudya cha chiphunzitso;
5. kuloledwa kusuntha maganizo, kuphunzira atomiki-maselo chiphunzitso.

Choncho, kunena kuti wolemba ndi chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic, chithunzi chimene inu mukhoza kuwona pansipa, anachita zambiri - silinena chilichonse. Butlerova tinganenedi ankaona bambo zimapangidwira organic, woyambitsa wa maziko ake ongolankhula.

masomphenya ake sayansi yadziko, katswiri wa maganizo, mphamvu kuoneratu zotsatira zinathandiza kwambiri pamapeto pake. Munthuyo anali ndi mphamvu lingamutsatire ntchito, kuleza mtima ndi zonse experimenting, synthesizing, wophunzitsidwa. Zolakwika, koma nthawi kuphunzira maphunziro ndi kuchita bwino mfundo yaitali.

Only akonzedwa ngati makhalidwe ndi lili ndi akatswiri malonda, zinafuna analola kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira ankafunila.

Phunziro zimapangidwira organic kusukulu

Mu njira ya sekondale mu kuphunzira zapansi organic wapatsidwa nthawi kwambiri. kotala limodzi lokha la kalasi 9 ndi mlingo zonse wazaka 10 (pulogalamu Gabrielyan Os). Komabe, nthawi ndi zokwanira kuti ana anali wokhoza kufufuza magulu onse waukulu wa mankhwala, makamaka dongosolo lawo ndi nomenclature, tanthauzo othandiza.

Maziko chiyambi cha maphunzirowa - chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka organic mankhwala A. M. Butlerova. Kalasi 10 anadzipereka kuganizira zonse udindo wake, ndipo kenako - ndi ongolankhula ndi zothandiza kutsimikizira mu kuphunzira kwa wina ndi gulu la zinthu.