Nkhondo Poltavskoe (mwachidule). Mbiri ya Nkhondo ya Poltava

M'chaka cha 1708 ndi Swedish asilikali molamulidwa ndi Mfumu Charles XII litalanda Russia. Mlingo Russian, palibe amene anadziwa za mapulani la ntchito malangizo a Charles. Mwina iye kuchotsa pa nkhope ya dziko lapansi St. Petersburg ndi kupambana m'mayiko indigenously Russian. Mwina zimakhalira kum'mawa ndi wogonjetsa Moscow, adzakhala kumeneko azikuuzani mawu a mtendere.

Peter akhala anayesetsa kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi anansi kumpoto. Koma Karl XII nthawi iliyonse anakana amapereka Mfumu, pofuna kuwononga Russia monga dziko ndi muchigawane mu ang'ono m'manja ukulu. Pa msonkhano, Karl XII anasintha maganizo ake, ndipo anatsogolera gulu lake Ukraine. Pali ankayembekezera Hetman Mazepa, zachinyengo adampereka Russia ndipo anaganiza kugwirizana ndi asilikali a Sweden. Pansipa ndi nkhani ya nkhondo ya Poltava Adzaperekedwa.

Magalimoto pa Moscow

Asilikali Swedish unali kusuntha pang'onopang'ono, ndi mthunzi Russian, pa njira kuchotsa ziweto, kuononga chakudya forage ndi kukonza Zaseki amene amachepetsa kayendedwe ka mdani. Petro anakhulupirira kuti m'pofunika kuzengereza nthawi ya nkhondo zoopsa, ndipo anayesera afoole magulu ankhondo. Koma kugunda zinachitika. Iwo inatha agonje kwa Russian. Peter ntchito zolinga maphunziro. Ndipo izo zinali bwino lotsiriza la asilikali a Sweden m'mbiri ya Wamkulu kumpoto nkhondo.

Mokhudza ndi kunamizidwa mfumu, chimene nkhondo zinali zosangalatsa koposa mipira, ndi phokoso la zida zankhondo ndi kubuula kwa anavulazidwa akhala nyimbo kwa iye, sanamange pa bwino kwambiri ndipo Mogilev. Anadikira mwezi wa reinforcements. Koma anachedwa. Osalandira ndi convoy ndi chakudya, chakudya, ufa, yunifolomu, komanso dongosolo la anthu 16 sauzande, Karl XII anapita ku Smolensk. Near mudzi wa Good anali kulimbana imene asilikali a Sweden anataya katundu wa anthu 1-2 zikwi, mu Russian, iwo anali kakhumi zochepa. Peter anali osangalala ngati mwana luso kwambiri wa asilikali Russian.

Kayendedwe kum'mwera

Smolensk asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda mwadzidzidzi anasintha malangizo, ndi Peter zinadziwika kuti iye ndi wolandiridwa zolimba. Russian anaukira iye. The chifukwa cha nkhondo yaitali mu zithaphwi ndi m'madambo anali imfa ya Swedish asilikali 8000 ndi zinthu zonse, zimene athamangisa convoy. Peter kutamandidwa mtengo wa chigonjetso chachikulu choyamba - izo unachitika nkhondo ya Poltava. Ndipo Karl, m'malo khamu lalikulu analandira 6700 ragamuffins, kwathunthu nkhongono. Imfa ya thupi ndi katundu Carl amatha akamagwiritsa. Iye amakhoza kupita kumpoto kugwila Petersburg, kodi kum'mawa - kuswa milungu yawo Moscow. Ukraine anali malangizo lachitatu. Ndipo pomaliza, Carl kuti ndisiye kusewera ndi tsoka ndipo mwakachetechete kubwerera ku dziko lakwawo, kumene iye anabwera sanatiitane alendo. Charles anali kuti abwerere sakufuna, ndiye imfa ya ulemerero wa mtsogoleri wamkulu. Choncho, pamaso chinatseguka basi msewu Kum'mwera kwa Mazepa. Pafupifupi chaka mpaka pamene linagonja, amene azipereka nkhondo ya Poltava.

Mazeppa

Lokopa Hetman anakwanitsa ingratiate yekha kwambiri kuti Menshikov ndi Peter. nkhani zonse zimene ali zikulumikizana ndi wonyenga Poland ndi Sweden, palibe amene ankafufuza bwinobwino. Komanso, iwo kulangidwa kwa kuphedwa kwa anthu amene analimba mtima ndinena chowonadi, Popereka umboni wochuluka. Ndipo pamene Mazepa anathawira Buchanan ndipo anadikira Charles ndi ankhondo ake ndi chakudya, ndiye kuti Peter anali nkhonya chachikulu. Koma anali anavomera kuti asilikali Russia anagwira Buchanan asanadze iye Charles. Tinali ndifulumire. Akaunti sanali ngakhale pa masiku ndi pa koloko. Menshikov, monga nthawi yonse, anali patsogolo.

kumuwombera wake anadzasokoneza Baturin. Menshikov anabweretsa chirichonse chimene ine ndikanakhoza. Enawo limangolembedwa kutenthedwa. Kupemphera kwa moto, asilikali a Sweden sanapeze forage zomwe ndi chakudya chimene analonjeza Mazepa. Ndipo asilikali 30000th, amene adalonjeza kwa mfumu, Mazepa sanali. Iye anali limodzi ndi detachment ka Cossacks amene ankakopa yekha, kulonjezedwa kuti akadamenya nkhondo ndi mdani. (Ndipo pali nkhondo ya Poltava, kunafuna mphamvu, amene tsopano akusowa.)

Zima ku Ukraine

Yozizira anali wankhanza kwambiri. asilikali Swedish mfumu ankafuna kumpanda yozizira anakhalabe mu chakudya ndi chakudya mahatchi. M'malo mwake, anali atazunguliridwa ndi asilikali Russian nthawi chiwembu. anthu amene safuna kulanda Akatolika, m'magulumagulu zigawenga komanso musataye mpumulo kwa asilikali a Sweden. Kodi akhoza asilikali a Sweden ankachitika m'misasa pabwalo mu ozizira kwambiri owawa. Army anakubwera steppes, kuyesera kuti apeze malo ogona, chakudya ndi zina. Mzinda uliwonse, anakumana panjira, kunali koyenera kukazungulira, anakhumudwitsa zomvetsa, nthawi zambiri chogwirika. asilikali atasiya. Ndipo mu April 1709, chidwi cha Charles Poltava. Iye sakanakhoza kuganiza kuti udzathera mu nkhondo ya Poltava!

Poltava

Anali malo oonekera. N'zotheka mosavuta kugwirizana ndi Crimea Khanate ndi kutuluka reinforcements. Iwo amadziwa ndi Karl ndi Peter. Poltava, amene anali pa makoma okha thundu, ili Russian asilikali. manambala wake anali kupusa - anthu 4200. Charles anapita ake ndi gulu la anthu 35 000. Mwachibadwa, ankaganiza kuti iye akanakhoza mosavuta alande linga laling'ono. Mu April, panali kuyesayesa kuukira mpanda wolimba kwambiri.

Iwo kawiri analephera. Asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda kuganiza ndipo anaganiza kuyamba wazingidwa. Koma thandizo kale akuthamangira Poltava yaing'ono Russian apakavalo - amuna 7000, molamulidwa K. E. Renne. Kugonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a Sweden mu Poltava zovuta chifukwa chakuti iwo anapatsidwa kutsogolera Cossacks. Anawakakamiza kuchita ntchito yomanga ndi otentha Cossacks ndinaganiza izo nokha manyazi. Komanso, asilikali a Sweden analibe zida zovuta. Ndi asilikali ndi nzika za yaing'ono Nyumbayi ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Iwo analibe maganizo kugonja kwake kwa asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda. Palibe anadziŵa kuti otsala miyezi itatu isanayambe Poltava nkhondo. 1709 adzapita pansi mu mbiri yathu pa July 10 adzakhala chikondwerero monga Tsiku la ulemerero lankhondo la Russia.

Kukonzekera nkhondo

Ngakhale mbali Russian anali kukonzekera nkhondo yofunika, Poltava alimba mtima atetezera. mzinda adathamanga wamba a m'midzi ina, koma panalibe chakudya chokwanira. Kale mu May, anthu anayamba kufa ndi njala. Chinalibe mtima, ndi mfuti anayamba mlandu miyala yopangira. Kaboma kusinthidwa kuti kuyatsa Swedish nyumba matabwa miphika wodzazidwa ndi otentha phula. Poltava amadzinenera mu kuukira Swedish. malo otsiriza zinali moipa. Chilimwe wawonjezera nkhawa latsopano. Chifukwa cha kutentha mu nyama anafika mphutsi, ndipo anakhala osayenera chakudya. mkate ndinkachita zedi yaing'ono. Panalibe mchere. Pa anavulazidwa mwamsanga anayamba chilonda. Bullets anaponyedwa ku Russian anatola pa kutsogolera pansi. Ndipo tsiku lonse sanaleke chowomberedwa ndi mfuti Russian. Asilikali Swedish anali kale wotopa, koma Petulo ankaganiza kuti sikokwanira.

Kusamalira lamulo Russian

Russian lamulo la linga anathandiza mukulephera kusintha. asilikali naini anatha kulowa asilikali a. Ndi iwo, mu mpanda anawonekera onga ndi patsogolo. Kumayambiriro June, kutsogozedwa ndi Boris Sheremetyev lonse Russian asilikali anali atasonkhana mu msasa zokhalamo. Pamene mmodzi wa kuukira kwa regiments Russian anamasulidwa zoposa zikwi asilikali Russian anatengedwa m'ndende asilikali a Sweden. Posakhalitsa asilikali anafika, Peter.

Iye anali kutsidya lina la Mtsinje. Council asilikali abverana kuti amange boti ndi kupita tsidya kumene anali Poltava. Ichi chidachitika. Ndipo kuseri kwa Russian, monga kamodzi pa munda Kulikovo anali mtsinje. (Nkhondo ya Poltava mu 1709 zidzachitika posachedwapa. Mu masabata awiri.)

Ntchito mu msasa Russian

Army relentlessly kupeza malo. flanks awiri kumbuyo nkhalango zowirira, kumbuyo - mtsinje ndi milatho. Pamaso pa vanguard anatambasula kumveka. Iwo anali kumeneko, Petulo akhadikhira kuukira kwa asilikali a Sweden. Pali kumanga nyumba zoteteza - redoubts. Pa mfundo imeneyi momveka, ndipo adzakhala Nkhondo ya Poltava, umene apite mu mbiri yathu pamodzi ndi chotero zinasintha, monga Ice Battle, Kulikov, ndi Nkhondo ya Stalingrad.

zing'wenyeng'wenye

Pamaso nkhondo, monga masiku angapo izo zisanachitike, Karl XII mu kubadwa kwake anavulazidwa. Ichi ndicho, simukhala kwa zaka ukumenya zikande wosakwatiwa, waylaid Russian chipolopolo. Iye anagunda chidendene napita phazi lonse inasweka mafupa. Iwo akadali musawachitire ndi makani a mfumu, ndi usiku pa June 27 nkhondo inayambika. Iye sanali anagwira ntchito kutali kusamala Russian. Menshikov ndi asilikali ake yomweyo anaona gulu la mdani. Swedish oyenda zida zankhondo anawomberedwa kanthu.

Anayi Swedish mfuti pali mazana a ife. Chapamwamba anali kutikonda. Menshikov wofunitsitsa nkhondo, kupempha reinforcements. Koma Peter adaletsa Changu wake ndi kuchotsedwa mmbuyo. Asilikali a Sweden anatenga mchitidwe uwu wa mthunzi, anathamangira pambuyo pa iye ndi mosadziwa anayandikira mfuti msasa. zomvetsa awo anali wamkulu.

Nkhondo ya Poltava, 1709 TH chaka

Pa eyiti m'mawa, Peter anamanganso asilikali. Pakati kuika oyenda, ndi zida zankhondo pakati zomwe kugawira wogawana. The okwera pamahatchi, chinali pa flanks lapansi. Izi ndizo - chiyambi cha nkhondo zoopsa! Kusonkhanitsa mbanbvu yace yonsene, Charles kuwaponya mu mzinda wa oyenda ake ndi mopepuka mbamuikha. The counterattack Petulo anatsogolera battalion.

Pa flanks asilikali Russian anathamangira. The zida zankhondo sanaime. Asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda, kugwa ndi akuponya mfuti wambiri lalikulu popanga Chiphokoso anapezeka kuti alibe pogwira makoma. Pansi Menshikov anapha akavalo awiri. Peter anawomberedwa chipewa. Onse m'munda Zavoloka utsi. Asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda anathaŵa pochita mantha. Charles anatola pa manja ake, ndipo iye anali kuyesera kukhala ndi mthunzi misala. Koma palibe amene anali kumvetsera. Pamenepo mfumu anakhala mu ophimba ndi anathamanga Dnepr lapansi. More mu Russia sanali kumuona.

Pa nkhondo pali zoposa zisanu ndi zinayi zikwi nthawi wagwa asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda. zomvetsa wathu anakwana pang'ono kuposa zikwi. Chigonjetso sinali ndi chopanda malire.

chizunzo

The zotsala za asilikali Swedish, ndipo anali 16 000 anthu, tsiku lotsatira anaimitsidwa ndipo anapereka kwa opambana. Mphamvu za asilikali asilikali a Sweden anali muyaya anagwedezeka.

Ngati inu kuti ndi Nkhondo ya Poltava, mwachidule, akhoza kuitchula ndi liwu limodzi - kupambana amene anatambasula maganizo mkulu wa Russia m'mayiko a Azungu. Dziko lafika kutali Russia kwa Russia, ndipo Ndakwaniritsa pa munda wa Poltava. Ndipo chotero ife tiyenera kukumbukira chiyani chaka anali Nkhondo ya Poltava - mmodzi wa zinayi kwambiri pa mbiri ya dziko lathu.