Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum Imperial: ana oyamba, omaliza wotchuka, mbiri

Ambiri lodziwika bwino bungwe Russian Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum anayamba nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pochimanga. The Mlengi wa pakuwonekera kwake anali Mfumu Alexander I, anzeru luso ndi luso mkulu wa chiphunzitso chake, luso lenileni anabweretsa kuwala mibadwo ingapo ya oganiza Russian, olemba ndakatulo ndi akatswiri a zojambulajambula, usilikali. Lyceum ophunzirawo anali ochepa Russian si kwambiri mu chiyambi monga kukhazikitsa mfundo za utumiki chosadzikonda kwa Lathu mmunda uliwonse.

maziko

Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum linatsegulidwa pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Alexander Ine, ndi zambiri mwachindunji, lamulo pa maziko a chilolezo ake anasaina apamwamba mu August 1810. M'munsi mwa mabungwe apamwamba maphunziro anayenera "zaka aufulu" ulamuliro wa mfumu. Lyceum anali kukhala chitsanzo woyamba wa bungwe ndi njira European maphunziro, anakulira pa nthaka Russian.

Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum, kuchokera kusukulu ina yapamwamba, kusiyana ndi kusapezeka kwa kumenya, ndi ubwenzi pakati pa ana asukulu ndi aphunzitsi, wolemera maphunziro cholinga mapangidwe maganizo, ndi ena ambiri. Izo zinakonzedwa kuti adzaphunzitsidwa pa Lyceum chachikulu atsogoleri, azichimwene cha ulamuliro wa mfumu, Nicholas ndi Michael, koma ndiye iwo anaganiza zopatsa miyambo maphunziro kunyumba.

moyo

Pakuti Lyceum anapatsidwa latsopano kumanga zinayi - phiko nyumba ya Tsarskoye Selo. Malo opunthira choyamba ankafuna kuti unit zachipatala ndi bolodi. Pa yosanja ali m'makalasi Inde junior, wachitatu unapatsidwa kwa ophunzira achikulire, ndipo pamwamba, pansi chachinayi, wotanganidwa chogona. M'zipinda zogona patokha anali wodzichepetsa, pafupifupi wovutika ziwiya, mipando inkakhala ndi bedi Mundinyamule zitsulo yokutidwa ndi chinsalu, ofesi desiki ntchito, wosungira ndi desiki osamba.

Library anatenga awiri kutalika gallery, yomwe inali pamwamba chipilalachi. Grand phwando holo inali pa phaka lachitatu. Utumiki, mpingo ndi wotsogolera Nyumba ili mu nyumba osiyana pafupi ndi nyumba yachifumu.

Ganizo kuphunzira

Concept ndi maphunziro ayambe courtier otchuka, mlangizi wa Alexander I mu zoyambirira za ulamuliro wake MM Speransky. Ntchito yaikulu inali maphunziro a boma ndi asilikali a mapangidwe latsopano ana a amazikonda anthu otchuka. Cholinga chake chinali Speransky Europeanize Russia, ndipo zimenezi zimafuna akuluakulu anali ganizo lina, ndi ufulu mkati ndi msinkhu yoyenera maphunziro anthu.

Kusankha ophunzira sekondale wakhala kwambiri anavomera anyamata ochokera m'mabanja achifumu a zaka zapakati pa 10 ndi 12 amene anali bwinobwino pochitika mayeso pakhomo, kutsimikizira mlingo wokwanira chidziwitso zilankhulo zitatu (Russian, German, French), mbiri, madera, masamu ndi sayansi. Full Inde ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi maphunziro lagawidwa magawo awiri anapatsidwa zaka zitatu.

Olimbikitsa ndi asilikali

The malangizo chachikulu cha maphunziro - a zaumunthu, amene kutenga luso wophunzira okha lotsogozedwa kuphunzira, maganizo yovuta, logic ndi comprehensively kukhala matalente chibadidwe mwanayo. chiphunzitso zinachitikadi pa nkhani zofunika kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi:

• Kuphunzira zinenero zakunja (Russian, Latin, French, German).
• Moral Science (mfundo zikuluzikulu, lamulo la Mulungu, nzeru).
• Enieni Sciences (masamu, ajebura ndikuyenda masamu, sayansi).
• Zaumunthu (History of Russian komanso akunja, nthaŵi, madera).
• Ndizosowa Zabwino Kulemba (apamwamba ndi malamulo ake, ntchito ya olemba aakulu).
• Art (zithunzi, kuvina).
• maphunziro thupi (olimbitsa kusambira, kuchinga, kukwera mahatchi).

Pa njira yoyamba ophunzira kuphunzira ndizosowa, ndi wachiwiri pa maziko a kusintha kwa mozama chitukuko cha nkhani zonse. Komanso, mu maphunziro laperekedwa chidwi kwa zomangamanga boma, masewera. Amene anasankha usilikali, kuwonjezera kuwerenga koloko mbiri za nkhondo, malinga ndi nkhani zina pachimake.

Onse maphunziro ndi maphunziro kunachitika pansi pa maso kuyang'aniridwa ndi Director a. The aphunzitsi inkakhala aphunzitsi zisanu ndi ziwiri, wansembe amene anaphunzitsa lamulo la Mulungu, aphunzitsi asanu zaluso chabwino ndi olimbitsa awiri adjunct kuti chilango akutsatiridwa ndi warders atatu ndipo kazembeyo.

Achikhalire woyamba wa ana asukulu ikuchitika kuyang'aniridwa ndi mfumu, wa anthu 38 amene anagonjera zikalata ndipo anapambana mpikisano kusekondale, ana asukulu 30 okha anatengedwa kupita Tsarskoye Selo, mndandanda anali ovomerezedwa ndi dzanja achifumu. Alexander I anapereka zothandizira mipingo yawo chifukwa m'banja, ndipo ndiziyesa Razumovsky AK anaikidwa mutu wa Lyceum mu-Chief mmodzi waudindo. Mu malo n'kulemba akuyenera kupezeka pa mayeso onse, zomwe iye anachita zimenezo mwansangala, podziwa mu nkhope, ndipo maina a ana onsewo.

mfundo

Ntchito mkulu wa Lyceum anali mabuku, ofesi anapatsidwa V. F. Malinovskomu, anaphunzira pa yunivesite ya Moscow. Malinga ndi mkulu hayala bungwe ankafunika padziko koloko adzakhala mu dera la Lyceum, ndi kusamalira ana, ndi ndondomeko lonse zonse, iye yekha ndi udindo kwa ophunzira, kwa mlingo wa chiphunzitso ndi ambiri Lyceum moyo.

Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum Imperial anali okonzeka ndi aphunzitsi bwino nthawi yake, onse anali wamaphunziro apamwamba, digiri ya sayansi, wokondedwa ntchito ndi achinyamata. Aphunzitsi ndi ufulu wosankha njira yoperekera kudziwa mokhulupirika anali kumvera mfundo imodzi - palibe chibwana ulesi pakati pa ophunzira akusekondale sayenera.

ndandanda tsiku

tsiku zonse sukulu yamangidwa malinga ndi ndandanda okhwima:

• M'mawa anayamba pa sikisi koloko, nthawi allocated njira ukhondo, mitengo, pemphero.
• The maphunziro oyamba m'kalasi anayamba isanu ndi inayi m'mawa.
• Pakuti yafika nthawi yotsatira (9: 00-10: 00) Ophunzira aike kuyenda ndi akamwe zoziziritsa kukhosi (tiyi ndi muffin, kadzutsa si ankaganiza).
• The mfundo yachiwiri akuyamba pa 10:00 inatenga mpaka 12:00, ndipo kenako ola ndandanda anali kuyenda panja.
• Chakudya chinali pa 13:00.
• Masana, ku 14:00 kuti 15:00, ophunzira chinkhoswe mu luso labwino.
• Kuyambira 15:00 kuti 17:00 akutsatiridwa ndi maphunziro mu makalasi m'kalasi.
• Pa 17:00 ana anapereka tiyi, ndiye kuti 18:00 akutsatiridwa ndi kuyenda.
• Ndi maola asanu ndi hafu ya madzulo chinayi ophunzira ankachita kubwerezabwereza zakuthupi chinkhoswe mu makalasi wothandiza.
• Pa 20:30 chakudya chinali, kenako anatsatira nthawi ufulu kumasuka.
• Pa 22:00 inali nthawi pemphero ndi tulo. Loweruka lililonse, ophunzira anafika kusamba.

Lyceum mu Tsarskoye Selo wosiyana mabungwe ena maphunziro chifukwa chakuti mphunzitsi ankafunikira kukwaniritsa kudziŵa ndi kuzindikira nkhani zawo ndi zonse wophunzira. Ngakhale zinthu si kuti anaphunzira ophunzira onse m'kalasi, mphunzitsiyo osayamba mutu watsopano. Pofuna kukwaniritsa dzuwa, kwa ophunzira akuchedwa kuti atchule makalasi zina, kufufuza njira zina zatsopano zophunzitsira. Kusekondale ali dongosolo yakeyake kuyan'anila mlingo wa chidziwitso analandira ndi maphunziro, wophunzira aliyense lyceum analemba malipoti, anayankha quizzes m'kamwa.

Aphunzitsi zambiri ndi bwino kusiya wophunzirayo yekha nkhani yake, Pushkin sanapange amalidziŵa bwino sayansi masamu, pulofesa Kartsov anati: "Inu, Pushkin, mu kalasi wanga wonse itha ndi ziro. Pansi pa malo ndi kulemba ndakatulo. "

Lyceum moyo

Lyceum mu Tsarskoye Selo Anapatsidwa Mbali ina - kutsekedwa wathunthu, lyceum ophunzira musatisiye mpanda wa bungwe m'chaka sukulu. Panalinso mtundu wa zovala, chimodzimodzi kwa onse. Mpheroyi mdima buluu odula, kuima mmwamba kolala ndi cuffs la manja, amene anali wofiira, iye gilt mabatani buttoned. Kusiyanitsa maphunziro okalamba ndi junior kuyamba totsegulira kwa chaka mkulu anali zishango a golidi, siliva wamng'onoyo.

Kusekondale, kumene anaphunzitsidwa Pushkin, chidwi kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa maphunziro. Ana mwaulemu osati kokha kwa anthu a kalasi lake, komanso mtumiki wa serf. ulemu anthu sikudalira anayambira, izi Mzimu wophunzira aliyense. Pachifukwa chomwechi, ana pafupifupi asanaonane ndi achibale awo - onse anali wolowa a Nyumbayi ndi nyumba zambiri kuona mtima ndithu osiyana anthu yozungulira, mwa anthu otchuka kusasamalira serfs anali ofanana.

Abale ndi ulemu

Ngakhale kuti ophunzira lyceum anali amatanganidwa aphunzire ndiponso, mu Maulendo Ake, onse anazindikira okwanira kuchuluka kwa ufulu. Ophunzira okhala padziko akonzedwa ena a malamulo, malangizo bungwe linaikidwa mu hallway opunthira chachinayi. Imodzi mwa mfundo amanena kuti ophunzira ammudzi ndi banja lina, choncho, mu chilengedwe chawo si malo wodzimva, kudzitama ndi mnyozo. Ana kubwera ku sekondale ku aang'ono, ndipo iye amakhala pakhomo pawo, ndipo aphunzitsi anzathu ndi banja weniweni. Zimene zikuchitika ku Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum anali wochezeka, logwirizana.

Ophunzira sekondale anayambitsa dongosolo mphoto ndi zilango, kumatha zachiwawa. troublemakers woyerekedwa anaikidwa m'ndende kwayekha kwa masiku atatu, pamene wotsogolera anabwera kuchita kukambirana, koma iyo inali yomalizira. Pa nthawi ina iwo anasankhidwa njira zambiri yosalekerera - walekana ndi chakudya kwa masiku awiri, pa zomwe ophunzira nthawi kulandira kokha mkate ndi madzi.

Lyceum ubale zina nokha chigamulo khalidwe la ophunzira ake, amene achoke ndiponso kulemekeza kuponderezedwa. anyakufunza adakwanisa Kunyanyala bwenzi n'kumusiya kwayekha wathunthu popanda kulankhula. malamulo osalembedwa ambalemekezedwa chimodzimodzi wopatulika koposa hayala wa Lyceum.

Nkhani yoyamba

The ana loyamba la Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum anatuluka mpanda wa bungwe mu 1817. Pafupifupi onse wabweza mipando mu zida boma, malinga ndi zotsatira za mayeso, ambiri anabwera kudzatumikira pamalo apamwamba, kwambiri ophunzira akusekondale kusankha usilikali, wofanana mu udindo kwa Corps wa Pages. Ena mwa iwo anali anthu amene anakhala kunyada kwa mbiri Russian ndi chikhalidwe. Waukulu ndiye ulemerero Lyceum anabweretsa ndakatulo Pushkin AS, palibe wina kwa iye amenewa chikondi ndi kunthunthumira sanali a kusukulu ndi aphunzitsi. Iye anadzipereka ntchito zambiri Tsarskoye Selo nthawi.

Pafupifupi onse amene ankaphunzira mu kuika kaye kunyada kwa dziko, nalemekeza Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Alumni otchuka monga: Kyuhelbeher VK (ndakatulo, womenyera ufulu chitukuko, Decembrist), Gorchakov AM (a nthumwi wolemekezeka, mtumiki achilendo pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Alexander Wachiwiri) Delvig AA (ndakatulo, wofalitsa), Matyushkin F . F. (wofufuza kumalo ozizira, asilikali a zombo), ndipo ena, achititsa kuti mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi luso chitukuko.

Pushkin Lyceum wophunzira

Musaone chikoka cha Pushkin mabuku Russian n'zosathekadi, namatetule wake anatulukira ndipo analeredwa mu nkhope ya mpanda. Malinga ndi anzake kusukulu, wolemba ndakatulo anali nicknames atatu - France (a msonkho kwa kudziwa kwambiri za chinenerocho), Cricket (wolemba ndakatulo unali kuyenda ndipo kulankhulalankhula mwana) ndi osakaniza Monkey ndi Amabereka (ndi Changu mtima ndi mtima wokonda mikangano). Kusekondale, kumene anaphunzitsidwa Pushkin, mayeso ikuchitika miyezi sikisi iliyonse, chifukwa talente awo unadonthezedwa ndipo anazindikira mwamsanga zaka sekondale. ntchito yake yoyamba ya ndakatulo iyi a m'magazini "Herald of Europe", monga ophunzira Lyceum mu 1814.

The vuto pa Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum kunali kuti sanali kumva mwana wake kuitana sakanakhoza. Pa chizindikiritso ndi chitukuko cha talente ankafunitsitsa lonse yophunzitsa ndondomeko anapereka kwa khalidwe limeneli. Mu Maulendo Ake, mu 1830, AS Pushkin anati: "... ndinayamba kulemba kwa zaka 13, ndipo kusindikiza ndi pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo."

Ngodya ya Lyceum kusintha

Ndinayamba kukhala imasonkhezera.

wophunzira wanga ndi foni,

Mpaka mlendo kwa zosangalatsa,

Mwadzidzidzi zidawala - imasonkhezera mu izo

Anatsegula phwando ake wowuma;

Pepani, sayansi ozizira!

Pepani, zaka zoyambirira za masewera!

Ndasintha, Ndine ndakatulo ...

Woyamba kudziwika maonekedwe onse a Pushkin anali mayeso pa kusintha kwa mlingo koyamba pa achikulire ndi womaliza maphunziro. Pa mayeso onse amene analipo anthu otchuka, kuphatikizapo ndakatulo Derzhavin. Werengani khumi mwana ndakatulo "Sindidzaiwala Tsarskoye Selo" opangidwa panopa amapereka chidwi chachikulu. Pushkin zinayamba nthawi zina m'tsogolo kwambiri. ntchito zake chilemekezedwa koposa zounikira a Russian ndakatulo a m'nthawi yake - Zhukovsky, bambo, Karamzin, ndi ena.

Alexander Lyceum

Pambuyo inalowa mpando wachifumu Nicholas Ine Lyceum anagwidwa St. Petersburg. Tsarskoye Selo anali ophunzira malo sekondale ku 1811 kuti 1843. Institution n'kupita Kamennoostrovsky Avenue, pamene ophunzira allocated chipinda cha ana amasiyewo kale Alexandrinsky. Komanso, bungwe la anadzatchedwa ya mfumu Alexander Lyceum, kulemekeza Mlengi wake.

Miyambo ndi abale n'kukakhala nyumba yatsopano, ziribe kanthu momwe anayesa kuti amenyane zodabwitsazi Nicholas I. History ya mfumu Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum anapitiriza malo atsopano ndipo zinatha mpaka 1918. Mosalekeza taonera kuona malamulo osalembedwa a hayala, komanso chovala manja ndi Mwambi - "Pakuti chabwino wamba". Kumvera namlambira kuti amaliza maphunziro ake otchuka mu 1879, pa October 19 mu mpanda wa Alexander Lyceum ali m'nyumbayi woyamba linatsegulidwa, AS Pushkin.

Koma chowaloleza mu malo atsopano, kusintha kuyamba. Mu maphunziro atsopano, ophunzirawo anayamba kutsatira ndi apereke pachaka chilango asilikali anali kwathunthu anathetsedwa, kukodzedwa mndandanda wa zaumunthu. Kuyankha nthawi ndi malo wosinthika kukhala m'madipatimenti watsopano - ulimi, zomangamanga boma.

Patapita 17 chaka

Mu 1917 anali womaliza kutuluka kwa ophunzira. Mpaka 1918, ntchito anapitiriza intervals yaitali, anatseka Alexander Lyceum mu May chaka chomwecho. Laibulale wotchuka pang'ono anatumiza kwa Sverdlovsk, ambiri kufalitsidwa pakati malaibulale, anataya kapena anapeza chitetezo manja payekha. Iwo anakwanitsa kupulumutsa zikwi ziwiri mabuku mabuku a msonkhano onse, ndi kupeza nawo mndandanda wa State Museum of Literature mu 1938. Collection anamasulidwa ku laibulale Sverdlovsk mu 1970, unasamutsidwira Pushkin Museum Foundation.

nyumba Alexander Lyceum ankagwiritsa ntchito zolinga zosiyana. Mu 1917, kuyikidwa likulu la Red Army ndi mabungwe ena. Pamaso Wamkulu kukonda dziko lako nkhondo kenako malo a sukulu, ndiyeno nyumbayi chinaperekedwa kwa kutaya SGPTU. Tsopano nyumbayi ndi College of Management ndi Economics.

Tsoka lowopsya la ophunzira ambiri sekondale ndi aphunzitsi a Alexander Lyceum. Mu 1925 izo Kuzipeka nkhani imene, mwa ena. mlandu kupanga bungwe potsimikizira-chosintha za wotsogolera lotsiriza la Lyceum Schilder VA ndi nduna yaikulu Golitsyn na- onse mlandu akufuna kubwezeretsa ufumu, ndipo panali anthu 26, ndi mfuti. Zachisoni nkhani anamaliza Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Pushkin anali woimba ndiponso namatetule wake, ana ena lyceum za mbiri ndi kunyada.

Modern pedagogy chikupitiriza okonda kuganiza kuti maganizo ali Speransky, njira yabwino kwambiri maphunziro a achinyamata, amene lipindulitsa ntchito lero.