Phanga Syaopin ndi kusintha wake zachuma

Phanga Syaopin ndi mmodzi wa andale wotchuka kwambiri Communist China. Kuti iye anali kulimbana ndi mavuto oopsa kwambiri ndondomeko Mao Zedong ndi "chikhalidwe zisinthe" ikuchitika ndi wotchuka "kagulu ka Four" (anzake). Kwa zaka khumi (kuchokera 1966 mpaka 1976) Zinali zoonekeratu kuti ankayembekezera "chachikulu kulumpha" dziko si anachita, kotero kusintha kwa mbali ya njira chosintha kubwera pragmatists. Awa ndi kuchitira nokha khola Syaopin, amene mfundo ikusonyezedwa ndi kugwirizana ndi kufuna modernize China kukhalabe maziko ake maganizo ndi abwino. M'nkhani ino Ndikufuna kuti awulule akamanena za kusintha anatenga motsogozedwa ndi munthu ameneyo, komanso kumvetsa tanthauzo lake ndi tanthauzo.

Alandira mphamvu

Phanga Syaopin kugonjetsa yaminga ntchito njira, asanakhale mtsogoleri zosavomerezeka wa CCP. Kale mu 1956 anaikidwa mlembi wamkulu wa Komiti chapakati cha Party Communist la China. Komabe, iye anachotsedwa malo ake patapita zaka za utumiki mogwirizana ndi chiyambi cha "chikhalidwe utasintha" imene imapereka zikuluzikulu kuchotsa onse ogwira ntchito pagulu. Atamwalira Mao Zedong ndi kumangidwa kwa pragmatics ake apamtima asintha khalidwe lawo, ndipo m'kupita kwa plenum lachitatu la Party wa khumi convocation chiyambi kukulitsa ndi zomwe zagwiridwa kusintha khola Syaopina ku China.

mfundo Features

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti ndi Mulimonsemo osati amasiya sosholisimu, koma kusintha njira yomanga ake, ndi kudzikonza dongosolo la ndale mu dziko ndi wapadera, makhalidwe Chinese. Mwa njira, zolakwa munthu ndi milandu ya Mao Zedong sanali lengezani - vinyo anagwa makamaka pa ndaitchula "gulu la anayi."

Wotchuka Chinese kusintha khola Syaopina mwa kungoona khalidwe la "modernizations anayi mfundo": makampani, nkhondo, ulimi ndi sayansi. mapeto ake chifukwa anali kukhala pa ntchito yomanga ndi konzanso wa chuma dziko. Mbali imodzi ya njira ya mtsogoleri andale anali kufunitsitsa funsani ndi dziko, chifukwa mu China anayambanso kukhala ndi chidwi ndi ndalama zakunja komanso malonda. Ndi chidwi ndi chakuti m'dzikoli chachikulu ntchito wotchipa: pali anthu yosatheka kumidzi anali wokonzeka ntchito yochepa, koma pa ntchito pachimake kuti adyetse mabanja awo. China komanso wogwidwa gwero wachuma wa zipangizo, kotero pomwepo panali kufunika kwa ndalama za misonkho.

agrarian dera

Choyamba, khola Syaopinu kunali koyenera kuchita kukonza kumidzi Chinese, chifukwa iye anali ndi anthu ambiri n'kofunika kwambiri kwa Kupeza zithunzi zake mu mphamvu. Ngati kutsindika Mao pa chitukuko cha makampani olemera ndi makampani chitetezo, mtsogoleri M'malo mwake, waneneratu kutembenuka, patsogolo ulimi wa katundu wa ogula kubwezeretsa kufunika zoweta mu dziko.

ndipo communes anthu anali anathetsa, kumene anthu anali ofanana, sanathe mkhalidwe wawo. Iwo m'malo ndi brigades ndi mabanja - mgwirizanowo banja otchedwa. Ubwino wa mitundu imeneyi ya gulu ntchito chinali chifukwa chakuti latsopano collectives wamba analoledwa kuchoka ubweya mankhwala, mwachitsanzo sverhurozhay akhoza akuyendera mu akutulukira msika China ndi kupeza phindu pa izo. Komanso anapatsidwa ufulu pokhazikitsa mitengo pa zinthu m / s. Pankhani m'dziko limene wamba ankapatsidwa, iye anagonja kwa iwo lendi, koma ananena katundu wawo pa nthawi.

Zotsatira za kusintha pa ulimi

Izi zaluso anathandiza kwambiri kusintha mfundo akukhala m'midzi. Kuwonjezera apo, kutsogolera chitukuko cha msika, ndi boma chikuoneka kuchita ndi amati munthu ndi zolimbikitsa ndalama ntchito dongosolo zambiri zipatso. Timasonyeza kuti zotsatira za kusintha kwa: zaka zingapo wakula pafupifupi kawiri kuchuluka kwa mbewu mwakula ndi osawuka, ndi 1990, China anakhala munthu woyamba pa kukolola thonje ndi nyama, kuchuluka ntchito zokolola.

Mapeto a kudzipatula lonse

Ngati inu kuulula mfundo "omasukirana" m'pofunika kudziŵa kuti Deng Xiaoping anali ndi kusintha mwadzidzidzi kwa malonda yogwira yachilendo. Anakonza pang'onopang'ono mayikidwe a mgwirizano wa zachuma ndi dziko, malowedwe mwapang'onopang'ono msika anapitiriza lamulo loyang'anira chuma. Chinthu china chinali chakuti masinthidwe, onse oyamba anayesedwa ena dera kakang'ono, ndipo ngati iwo anapambana, iwo anayambitsa maiko dziko.

Mwachitsanzo, kale mu zaka 1978-1979. m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja Fujian ndi Guangdong anatsegula SEZ - mabacteria Special Economic, amene ena misika malonda ndi anthu akuderalo, kukhazikitsa maubale malonda ndi ndalama zochokera kunja. Iwo ankatchedwa "capitalist tizilumba tina", ndipo chiwerengero chawo ndi kukula m'malo pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale akukondera bajeti boma. Ndi mapangidwe mwapang'onopang'ono mabacteria ngati malonda nyumba sanalole China kuluza mkango a zipangizo kuti akanatha yomweyo anagulitsa pa mtengo kwambiri ndi mfundo Chinese. Komanso si bwanji, ndi kupanga zoweta, pangozi maganizo ndi kuitanitsa katundu mtengo. kugwirizana yopindulitsa ndi m'mayiko osiyanasiyana anatsogolera mnzake ndi oyamba kupanga zamakono makina, zipangizo fakitale. Chinese ambiri anapita kukaphunzira kunja kuti akaphunzire mu anzake kumadzulo. Panali mtundu wa kuphana zachuma China ndi maiko ena kukhutiritsa zofuna za onsewo.

Kusintha pa kayendetsedwe ka makampani

Monga mukudziwa, pamaso pa mtsogoleri zosavomerezeka la China khola Syaopin a CCP anasankhidwa kukonza chuma amene adadzifula China dziko wamphamvu, makampani onse adamangidwa dongosolo, ndi ziyang'aniridwe ya boma. Yatsopano ndi mtsogoleri ndale za dziko wakhala anazindikira inefficiency a dongosolo amenewa ndipo anafotokoza kufunika watsopano ake. Chifukwa chaichi, njira ya pang'onopang'ono liberalization wa mitengo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kulephera ankaimbidwa za njira zomwe zinakonzedwa ndi luso kulenga kasamalidwe losakanizika mtundu wa dziko ndi umwini boma ambiri. Chifukwa cha - mu 1993, mapulani akhala yochepa, boma kulamulira ali kuchepa ndipo msika chuma ndi ikupita patsogolo. Choncho panali "kawiri-njanji" dongosolo la kasamalidwe ka dziko, zomwe zimachitika China lero.

mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya umwini zonena

Pogwira mmodzi kusintha zinthu zina, wodziwonetsa China, khola Syaopin linakumana ndi vuto katundu. chakuti kusintha mu gulu la ulimi kumidzi Chinese walola mabanja souped ndi zasungidwa kukula likulu kuyamba bizinesi. Komanso, amalonda lina anafuna kutsegula nthambi ya malonda ake mu China. zinthu izi zinachititsa kuti pakhale gulu, boma, payekha, ena ndi ena mitundu ya umwini.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti akuluakulu a boma sanavomereze kukonzekera kuti atchule zosiyanasiyana zofanana. Chifukwa pakuwonekera kwake lagona kanthu munthu am'deralo, ali ndalama zake, kutsegula ndi kukuza malonda awo anayamba. Anthu safuna boma katundu wake anali privatized, iwo poyamba ankafuna kuchita malonda awo. Okonzanso, amaona awo, anaganiza formalize lamanja la nzika kwa katundu, bizinesi payekha. Komabe, thandizo lalikulu "kuchokera pamwamba" analandira ndalama zakunja: ndalama zakunja kupereka osiyanasiyana ubwino osiyana pamene kuyambira bizinesi pa malire a dziko la China. Monga malonda a boma akumeneko, kuti anawamasula kusweka zikuchepa ndi maonekedwe a chotero mpikisano waukulu dongosolo ndi kuti anakhalabe, koma anakana zaka, ndipo nawonso chosakayikitsa yosiyanasiyana amachotsera msonkho, ang'onoang'ono, ngongole yabwino.

mtengo

Palibe kumakana kuti khola Syaopin kugwirana pamodzi ndi mtima umodzi ndi ntchito yaikulu yoti extricate dziko kuchokera sagwirizana zachuma. Chifukwa cha kusintha awo, China ali ndi kulemera ndithu mu zachuma ndi, monga Motero, ndale. Dziko zachitika wapadera "ziwiri njanji mfundo vuto la zachuma", mwaluso kaphatikizidwe lamulo ndi levers boma komanso msika zinthu. The watsopano atsogoleri chikominisi zonse kupitiriza malingaliro khola Syaopina. Mwachitsanzo, tsopano boma kuika patsogolo cholinga cha akumanga "anthu a Wapakati kulemera" mu 2050 ndipo chiwonongeko lochitira.