Asilikali ndale blocs: mbiriyakale ndi cholinga cha chilengedwe

Asilikali ndale blocs ndi mabungwe amene anthu ali m'malo osokoneza. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti ntchito yawo yaikulu ndi kuthandiza mtendere ndi chitetezo cha mamembala a mgwirizano asilikali, pamene ena amakhulupirira kuti ngati mabungwe - ndiwo aukali dziko. Amene alipo ufulu ndiponso ngati pali losavuta yankho ku funso limeneli? Tiyeni tipeze chimene ndi asilikali ndale blocs, ndipo nthawi yomweyo mme- mbiri ya chilengedwe chonse ndi chitukuko.

tanthauzo

Tikhazikitsa tanthauzo la tanthauzo la bungwe. bloc asilikali ndale - mgwirizano wa madera osiyanasiyana analenga chitetezo gulu kapena kumenyana ndi mdani wamba. Kupanga gulu akhoza kutsatira cholinga cha mgwirizano nkhani za ndale ndi zachuma anthu ake. Mmene mgwirizano uwu ndi kusakanikirana mangawawo kwa aliyense wa totere mgwirizano. madongosolo amapereka kwa kanthu olowa kokha pamene yeniyeni nkhondo kapena kuganiza mogwirizana pafupi m'madera onse, ngakhale yamtendere.

Mu mabungwe ena lingaliro losonkhanitsidwa ndi mosamalitsa koyenera kuti aphedwe, ena ndi chenjezo mu chikhalidwe, ndiko kuti, aliyense ali ndi ufulu wokana kutsatira chiweruzo, popanda kusiya chipika. Pali mabungwe umene aliyense dziko membala ayenera kuchitapo kanthu asilikali mwambo kuukira wa mamembala unit. Koma si onse mabungwe awa, mfundo imeneyi imagwiranso ntchito pa maziko kuvomerezedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati NATO kuukira membala mmodzi wa Union ndi kulengeza nkhondo kulowera wonse, ndi SEATO ulamuliro imeneyi sanali mu lamulo la.

blocs asilikali ndale akhoza analenga ntchito yeniyeni, ndipo akafika cholinga choti anabalalitsa kapena china kuchita kwa kalekale yaitali.

Background The zikamera wa midadada

The precursors mayunitsi ano asilikali kudziwika kuyambira yamakedzana. Woyambirira asilikali mgwirizano wa maiko angapo akhoza kutchedwa Mgwirizano analipo mzinda zaka 10 Greek mu ulendo lodziwika bwino ndi Troy m'zaka XII. BC Koma iwo anali kani nthawi lodziwika bwino, si mbiri yakale, monga m'masiku olembedwa a zochitika alibe waliteteza.

Mgwirizano wa mabungwe choyamba mu nkhani lodalirika kuonekera mu 691 BC. e. Zinali mgwirizano wa Media, Babulo ndi Elamu Asuri. Komanso, mbiri ya mapangano amenewa amadziwika mzinda Greek, monga Peloponnesian, Delian, Boeotia, Korinto, Chalcis. Patapita tinapanga Elliysky, Achaean ndi Aetolian League. Pa nthawi yomweyo chapakati Italy inakhalapo ndi Latin Union, ndipo kenako anakulira mu boma la Roma.

Kugwirizana zonsezi zinali ngati chitaganya kuposa mayunitsi la asilikali phindu pano.

Mu Middle Ages, mabungwe ndi mayiko zambiri okha thandizo asilikali vuto la nkhondo, ndipo pafupifupi musakhudze zina ubwenzi. Nthawi zambiri anali kugwirizanitsa adani enieni. Choncho, cementing maziko a Franco-Scottish (kapena akale) Union, umene kutha 1295, anali ukali wa maiko awiri ndi England. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi England anayamba kukula mu Scotland, ndipo patangopita zaka zochepa, anayamba zaka mazana nkhondo ndi France. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mgwirizano Scotland ndi France anakhala mmene 265 zaka mpaka 1560.

Mu 1386 anadza Anglo-Chipwitikizi mgwirizano, chokongoletsedwa Pangano la Windsor. Nayenso, anauzidwa ndi kulimbitsa Spain. Komabe, mwaukatswiri lilili lero, motero wamkulu mgwirizano asilikali ndale, koma sanali ndigwire m'njira zamakono.

Kumayambiriro a masiku ano anali ndi kugwirizana asilikali European mayiko wokhala kuti agwirizane mu mgwirizano ndi mdani wamba. Mabanja amenewa akuphatikizapo Wopatulika ndi League Catholic pansi pa zothandizira mipingo yawo la Papa Protestant mgwirizano, akulumikiza Lutheran ndi boma Calvinist ndi mayanjano ena.

Mu 1668 panali anapanga Alliance la England, Sweden ndi Netherlands, ukuperekedwa khama la Louis XIV ya France.

Mu 1756, inakhalapo awiri basi otsutsana Union - Anglo-Prussian ndi Versailles. Posachedwapa kucheza m'gulu Russia, France ndi Austria. Ndi coalitions awa analowa atasemphana mu zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri nkhondo. Pomaliza, ndi Russian Ufumu, chifukwa cha inalowa mpando wachifumu Peter III, anasamukira ku mbali ya Anglo-Prussian mgwirizano.

Kuyambira 1790 ndi 1815 anasankha angapo coalitions pofuna kuthana ndi chosintha ndi Napoleonic France. Ndipo zambiri mwa mwankhondo ndipo mwa zokambirana France amakakamizidwa ena a deta Mgwirizano kuwasiya, kapena ngakhale kusamukira ku mbali French. Koma pamapeto, magulu chimodzi Coalition anakwanitsa kugonjetsa Napoleon.

Mu 1815, pakati Prussia, Austria ndi Russia chinapangidwa ndi Alliance Woyera, amene umalimbana kulimbikitsa dongosolo la dziko anakhazikitsa pambuyo Napoleonic Nkhondo, ndi kupewa kusintha mu Europe. Komabe, mu 1832, pambuyo lotsatira kusintha France, mgwirizano umenewu odukaduka.

Mu 1853, Mgwirizano unapangidwa pakati France, England, ndi Ottoman Ufumu wa Sardinia motsutsa Russian Ufumu. mgwirizano umenewu anagonjetsa Crimea nkhondo.

Mabungwe a mtundu watsopano

Tsopano ndi nthawi kufotokoza mapangidwe blocs asilikali ndale kuyandikira kwa mtundu amakono. Zikamera wa mabungwe amenewa anayamba mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX ndi cholinga mu nyumba konkire kuyandikira kwa zaka za m'ma. Ndi mapangidwe mayanjano amenewa anali kulingalira chimene chinachititsa kuti chiyambi cha World nkhondo yoyamba

Maziko otsutsana blocs anakhala anapanga (1882-1915 gg.) Ndipo Franco-Russian mgwirizano (1891-1893 gg.), Kenako kusandulika mu Quadruple Alliance ndi Entente.

Mapangidwe ndi Quadruple Alliance

Monga tanena maziko kulengedwa kwa Quadruple Alliance anatumikira monga anapanga Alliance, kutha 1882 pakati pa Austria-Hungary, Italy ndi Germany. Mayiko a anapanga Alliance amafuna amanena ulamuliro wake mu ku Ulaya, amene ogwirizana ndi a French ndi Russian Ufumu.

Anali yoyamba mapeto a anapanga Alliance kumbali wapawiri mgwirizano mu 1879. Zinali ndi German Ufumu, kukhazikika pa maziko a ufumu wa Prussia, anayambitsa chilengedwe cha bloc asilikali ndale ukuperekedwa Russia ndi France. Germany analinso amphamvu mawu chuma ndi ndale, boma unit.

Tikumbukenso kuti pamaso Austria-Hungary Pamilunguyo mgwirizano ndi Russian Ufumu Prussia chabe feuded chifukwa cha mpikisano ufulu ukulu mu dziko Germany. Koma pambuyo chigonjetso cha Prussia ku Austria-Prussian Nkhondo ya 1866 ndi Franco-Prussian Nkhondo ya 1970 zinthu zasintha kopambana. Prussia anatsimikizira ulamuliro wake pa bwinja la zakale Ufumu Woyera wa Chiroma ndi Austria-Hungary anakakamizika kupanga chigwirizano ndi iye, analemba mu 1879 ku Vienna mgwirizano pa mothandizana, zotuluka pa zomwe anakhazikitsidwa mu zaka 5.

Mgwirizanowo chinanena kuti ngati nkhondo ya Russian Ufumu wa munthu wachiwiri wa signatories kuti kum'thandiza. Ngati Germany kapena Austria-Hungary sakanati kuukira Russia, ndi m'mayiko ena, munthu wachiwiri nawo ayenera kutenga osachepera kulowerera ndale, koma ngati mbali ya wankhanza ndi Russian Mfumu, ndiye, kachiwiri, signatories ayenera kubwera pamodzi ndi maganizo mangawawo. Izi chipika cha mphamvu awiri kutchedwa mgwirizano wapawiri.

Mu 1882, Austria-Hungary ndi Germany anagwirizana Italy. Choncho ananyamuka anapanga Alliance. Komabe, kusaina mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko atatu poyamba zobisika. Monga kale, nthawi ya mgwirizano zinali zochepa zaka zisanu. Mu 1887 ndi mu 1891. Iye walemba, ndipo mu 1902 ndi 1912. basi gubuduzani.

Tikumbukenso kuti Union la maiko atatuwa sanali cholimba kwambiri. Motero, pa zifukwa zachuma mu 1902 pakati pa Italy ndi France anasaina mgwirizano, umene umati vuto la nkhondo pakati pa French ndi Germany, Italy kuti kulowerera ndale. Choncho, pambuyo nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse itayamba mu 1914, Italy ali sanawononge kumbali ya Germany ndi Austria-Hungary. Mu 1915, ndi kusainira mgwirizano mu London ndi Entente, Italy anachoka anapanga Alliance ndipo anagwirizana nkhondo kumbali ya adani ake.

Patatu Alliance zinatha. Germany ndi Austria-Hungary anatha kulenga mgwirizano watsopano. M'malo mwake, Italy, mu njira ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, mgwirizano analoŵa limati awiri basi - ya Ottoman (kuyambira mu 1914) ndi Bulgaria (kuyambira 1915). Choncho panali Quadruple Alliance. Maiko amene anali gawo la asilikali ndale mgwirizano otchedwa ku Central Luntha.

Quadruple Alliance unatha chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa mu World nkhondo yoyamba Chifukwa wa Austria ndi Hungary ndi Ottoman anakomoka, ndi Germany ndi Bulgaria anavutika awiri malo.

Entente

blocs ankhondo ndi andale wa First World nkhondo sanali kumangidwanso kwa Quadruple Alliance. Chachiwiri yoopsa mphamvu, amene anadza ku mikangano, anali Entente.

Chiyambi cha mapangidwe a Entente kuika Franco-Russian mgwirizano, anamaliza mu 1891. Zinali kuyankha mapangidwe anapanga Alliance. Russia ndi France agwirizana kuti mmodzi wa maiko, wachiwiri ndi kupereka thandizo la asilikali vuto la nkhondo ndi anthu a Mgwirizano ankhanza. mapangano izi mu mphamvu mpaka pali anapanga Alliance.

Mu 1904 tagwirizana anasaina pakati pa UK ndi France. Ndi kutha kalekale Mkangano wa mphamvu zimenezi. Britain ndi France anavomera pa nsoka atsamunda a dziko ndi kukhala de A facto lankhondo. Kwa mgwirizano umenewu, dzina munakhala Entente cordiale, kuti French likumasuliridwa kuti "Entente Cordiale". Choncho, nawonso, ndipo anapita chipika dzina - Entente.

Mu 1907 iye anakwanitsa kugonjetsa Anglo-Russian zotsutsana. mgwirizano pa nsoka wa chikoka yosainidwa pakati pa nthumwi za mayiko. Choncho anamaliza mapangidwe anagwirizana.

blocs asilikali ndale Europe - ndi Entente ndi Quadruple Alliance - unachita molimba inayamba Ine World nkhondo. Pambuyo kuukira, ndi German Ufumu ndi Russia ndi France United Kingdom wokhulupirika udindo wake monga anali ofanana ndi, analengeza nkhondo pa Germany. Komabe, si anthu onse a Entente mphamvu ndi chuma kubweretsa nkhondo ku mapeto wopambana. Choncho, mu 1917 panali Chisinthiko cha Bolshevik mu Russia, kenako dziko apangana za mtendere ndi Germany ndi kwenikweni anatuluka Entente. Komabe, sikuti chinalepheretsa anthu ena a Mgwirizano, ndi thandizo la US ndi ogwirizana ena, kupambana nkhondoyo.

Nkhondo itatha ndi Entente (Britain ndi France) anayesetsa alowererepo mu Russia kugonjetsa Bolshevik boma. Komabe, sikunali kotheka Mokhumbira kwambiri pa nthawi imeneyi.

mayunitsi asilikali pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse

The mgwirizano lankhondo la Nazi Germany, lopondereza Italy ndi Imperial Japan ndi mayiko ena anatumikira monga chifukwa yaikulu ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Chiyambi cha chilengedwe cha wagawo anatumikira monga Mukalowa mu 1936 mgwirizano pakati pa Germany ndi Japan pa kanthu olowa ndi kufala kwa chikominisi. Iwo ankatchedwa "Anti-Comintern ke." Kenako mgwirizano umenewu anagwirizana Italy ndi kumayiko ena angapo, ndipo amatchedwa olamulira. Ndi izi wagawo mphamvu anasonyeza mokwiya mpaka pa WWII.

Coalition amatsutsa olamulira, zachitika yekha mu njira ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Inakhalapo ku Soviet Union, Britain ndi United States ndipo anatenga dzina la odana ndi Hitler mgwirizano. Tiyambe kumanga nayikidwa mu 1941, pambuyo kujowina nkhondo pa USSR ndi USA. Mfundo yaikulu mu kupanga bloc osiyana ndi aggressors lopondereza, anakhala msonkhano Tehran wa Mphamvu mu 1943. Only pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Mgwirizano amphamvu a m'mayikowo analephera likatembenuza mafunde a nkhondo.

NATO

Creation wa blocs asilikali ndale anakhala mchitidwe nkhondo pakati pa West ndi Soviet Union mu otchedwa Cold nkhondo. Kuyambira anabwera ngozi latsopano nkhondo dziko, koma pa nthawi yomweyo iwo anatumikira ndipo cholepheretsa.

Yotchuka kwambiri ankalankhula North Atlantic Alliance (NATO). Izo analengedwa mu 1949 ndi ogwirizana mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, USA ndi Canada. cholinga chake ndi kuonetsetsa chitetezo gulu la maiko pamwamba. Komabe, palibe chinsinsi chimene choyambirira North Atlantic Alliance pathupi ndi cholinga munali Soviet Union. Koma ngakhale pambuyo kugwa kwa Union of wagawo si udzawonongedwa, koma m'malo mwake, ndipo amatilimbikitsa mayiko ku Eastern Europe.

Ngakhale pamaso mapangidwe NATO mu 1948, unapangidwa ndi Union Western European. Zinali ngati pofuna kukonza yekha asilikali ake poto-European, koma pambuyo mapangidwe NATO, nkhaniyi sanalinso zogwirizana.

Kupanga ATS

Poyankha mapangidwe NATO mu 1955, mayiko zokomera a msasa pa kanthu Soviet Union analenga bloc asilikali ndale, omwe anatchedwa ndi ATS. Cholinga chake chinali chitsutso kwa mgwirizano North Atlantic. Unit, kuwonjezera pa USSR, komabe anali mayiko 7: Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia.

ATS anali lithe mu 1991, pambuyo kugwa kwa msasa zokomera.

Small mayunitsi asilikali

blocs ankhondo ndi andale za m'ma 20 panali osati dziko lonse komanso regionally. Pakati pa dziko nkhondo analenga angapo maukwati m'dera kuthetsa vuto dera, ndi kuonetsetsa Versailles dziko dongosolo. Amenewa anaphatikizapo Entente: Small, Mediterranean, Balkan, Middle East, Baltic.

Pa Cold nkhondo analenga angapo midadada dera, cholinga cha chimene chinali kuteteza kufala kwa chikominisi. Izi zinaphatikizapo SEATO (South East Asia), CENTO (Middle East), ANZYUK (Asia-Pacific).

mapangidwe CSTO

Mu 1992, chiwerengero cha mayiko a Soviet Union anapanga pangano - ndi CSTO. Mtundu uwu wa bloc asilikali a ndale a Russia, monga n'chofunikira kawirikawiri izo.

CSTO cholinga ndi kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha anthu ake ndi kukhazikika mu malo pambuyo Soviet. Kuwonjezera unit RF zikuphatikizapo Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Tajikistan. Poyambirira, mulinso Uzbekistan, Georgia ndi Azerbaijan.