The thupi - ndi chiyani ichi? thupi: zitsanzo, katundu

M'nkhani lero ife amanena kuti thupi ili thupi. Mosakayikira, mawu amenewa si kawirikawiri Tinakumana kwa zaka za maphunziro. Ndi mfundo za "thupi", "chinthu", "chodabwitsa 'choyamba kukumana mu maphunziro zachilengedwe mbiri. Iwo phunziro ambiri zigawo za sayansi wapadera - sayansi.

Ndi tanthauzo la mawu akuti "thupi" amatanthauza yeniyeni zinthu chinthu ndi mawonekedwe ndi kutchulidwa akunja malire, zomwe alekanitsa izo kwa chilengedwe komanso zinthu zina. Komanso, thupi chibadidwe makhalidwe monga kulemera ndi buku. magawo izi ndizo zikuluzikulu. Koma pali ena pamodzi nawo. Tikuyankhula zokhudza chilungamo, kachulukidwe, elasticity, kuuma ndi zina zotero N..

thupi: Zitsanzo

Kunena mwachidule, aliyense wa zinthu ozungulira, tikhoza kupempha thupi. Chitsanzo bwino wa iwo - buku, tebulo, galimoto, mpira, chikho. Zambiri thupi sayansi anatcha amene mawonekedwe zojambula ndi yosavuta. Gulu thupi matupi - kulili mawonekedwe a ma olumikizidwa kwa aliyense matupi ena osavuta. Mwachitsanzo, ndi conventionally chithunzi anthu akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati ya zonenepa ndi muzochitika.

chuma cha chomwe kapena matupi anatchula wothandizira. Komabe, iwo anyamula mu kapangidwe kake ngati mbeta, ndipo chiwerengero cha zinthu. Nazi zitsanzo zina. The thupi - mafoloko ndi mipeni (mafoloko, spoons). Amachita makamaka ngati chitsulo. Mpeni thupi ikhale chitsanzo tichipeza mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya zinthu - tsamba zitsulo ndi chogwirira matabwa. Ndipo chotero zovuta mankhwala ngati foni, opangidwa kuchokera ku nambala wokulirapo wa "zosakaniza".

ndi zinthu zimene

Iwo akhoza kukhala zachilengedwe kapena analenga chongopeka. Kale, anthu zinthu zonse zofunika zopezeka zachilengedwe (arrowheads - kuchokera miyala, ofunda zovala - kuchokera m'matumba achikopa). Ndi chitukuko cha patsogolo luso zinthu zinalengedwa mwa munthu. Ndipo tsopano iwo - ambiri. Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za thupi yokumba kungakhale pulasitiki. Aliyense wa mtundu wake analenga munthu pofuna makhalidwe zofunika kwa chinthu. Mwachitsanzo, mandala pulasitiki - Eyeglass magalasi, si poizoni chakudya - chifukwa ware, cholimba - kwa galimoto bampala.

chinthu chilichonse (ku mwala nkhwangwa zipangizo zina zamakono) angapo a makhalidwe enieni. Mmodzi wa katundu wa matupi aumunthu - ndi luso lawo kuti azifunana chifukwa cha mogwirizana yokoka. Iwo anayeza ntchito kuchuluka chowoneka chotchedwa misa. Ndi tanthauzo la sayansi, unyinji wa matupi - muyeso yokoka awo. Iwo amaimira chizindikiro m.

kayesedwe misa

kuchuluka mwathu ngati wina aliyense, angathe kuyeza. Kupeza kodi kulemera kwa chinthu chilichonse, mukuyenera kuziyerekeza ndi muyezo. Umene ndi thupi lake misa amaganiza kuti kukhala ogwirizana. Dongosolo lonse mayunitsi (SI) amaona kukhala kilo. Wotereyo "abwino" kulemera wagawo alipo mu mawonekedwe a yamphamvu ndi zimaimira ndi aloyi wa iridium ndi pulatinamu. nyemba m'mayiko kusungidwa mu France, ndipo Mabaibulo zilipo pafupifupi m'dziko lililonse.

Kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo kilo tani, galamu kapena milligram. Kuwayeza masekeli unyinji wa thupi. Iyi ndi njira yakale kwa kuwerengetsera tsiku ndi tsiku. Koma mu sayansi ano, pali anthu ena njira muyeso, zambiri zamakono ndi mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane. Mothandizidwa awo kudziwa gulu la microparticles, ndi zinthu chiphona.

katundu wina wa matupi aumunthu

The mawonekedwe, kulemera ndi buku - makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri. Koma pali zina za matupi aumunthu, omwe ndi ofunika mu vuto linalake. Mwachitsanzo, buku wofanana zinthu zingasiyane kwambiri kulemera, i.e. ndi osalimba osiyana. Nthawi zambiri, makhalidwe ofunika brittleness, kuuma, elasticity ndi makhalidwe maginito. Tisaiwale ikukhudzana madutsidwe, chilungamo, pachilichonse, magetsi madutsidwe ndi zina thupi la matupi ambiri ndi zinthu.

Nthawi zambiri, makhalidwe amenewa zimadalira zinthu zimenezi kapena zipangizo zomwe nkhani anapangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, labala, galasi ndi zitsulo mipira adzakhala ndi zosiyana kwathunthu makhalidwe thupi. Izi ndi zofunika zinthu ankachita pakati pa matupi Mwachitsanzo kuphunzira mlingo wa mapindikidwe pa pitting.

About approximations anatengera

zigawo zina za sayansi thupi amaonedwa monga abstraction ndi makhalidwe abwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu zimango za thupi ndi ankaimira mfundo misa popanda misa ndi zina. Izi amachita gawo ndi gulu la sayansi mfundo zimenezi pokhapo titachitapo ndi kuthetsa mavuto ofanana ndi makhalidwe mfundo ndi wosayenera.

Mu kuwerengetsera sayansi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za thupi okhwima. Anthu conventionally ankaona kuti kosamugonjera mapindikidwe aliyense, kuti kupanda kusamutsidwa Unyinji wa pakati thupi. Izi chitsanzo chosavuta amalola theoretically kusewera angapo njira yeniyeni.

Yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe Gawo pa zofuna zawo ntchito ganizo la blackbody a. Ndipo ndi chiyani ichi? thupi (umboni chinthu) angathe kungolandira cheza aliyense kugwa pamwamba pake. Pankhaniyi, ngati ntchitoyo amafuna, akhoza zimatulutsa mafunde mu atomu. Ngati mawu a kuwerengetsera ongolankhula maonekedwe a matupi thupi si kofunika, ndi kusakhulupirika n'chakuti ozungulira.

N'chifukwa chiyani kuti katundu wofunika a matupi

Physics yokha, ngati, panali kufunika kumvetsa malamulo imene zinthu thupi, komanso njira yoti Mulungu aliko zosiyanasiyana zochitika kunja. zinthu zachilengedwe monga kusintha kulikonse pa malo athu, si zokhudzana ndi zochita za anthu. Ambiri a anthu awa ntchito mwayi awo, koma ena angakhale oopsa ndipo ngakhale zoopsa.

Kuphunzira khalidwe ndi katundu zosiyanasiyana matupi aumunthu ndi koyenera kuti anthu kuti kuneneratu zinthu chowawa ndi kupewa kapena kuchepetsa mavuto omwe iwo. Mwachitsanzo, pomanga breakwaters anthu ntchito kulimbana ndi mawonetseredwe zoipa zinthu m'madzi. Kupirira zivomezi anthu waphunzira kukhala chivomezi zosagwira wapadera nyumba zomangidwa. Kuchitira za galimoto anapangidwa wapadera mosamala calibrated mawonekedwe kuti kuchepetsa kuwonongeka ngati ngozi.

Kapangidwe ka matupi

Malinga ndi tanthauzo lina, mawu akuti "thupi" zikutanthauza chilichonse chimene tinganene kuti ngati kwenikweni alipo. Aliyense wa iwo adzatenga mbali ya malo, ndi zinthu limene iwo amapangidwa, ndi gulu la tinthu a dongosolo ena. Other, particles ang'onoang'ono izo - maatomu, koma aliyense wa iwo ndi chinachake wosavuta ndi indivisible. Kapangidwe ka atomu kovuta. Pa kapangidwe ake tingaone zabwino ndi zoipa mlandu particles pulayimale - ayoni.

Kapangidwe malinga ndi zomwe particles amenewa anakonza mu dongosolo ena zolimba amatchedwa krustalo. Aliyense kusitalo ali ndi ena mosamalitsa atathana mawonekedwe, kutanthauza kayendedwe mwadongosolo ndi anzake a mamolekyulu ake ndipo maatomu. Pamene kusintha kapangidwe ndi galasi pali kuphwanya thupi katundu wa thupi. Mlingo wa sayenda wa m'nyanjazi elemental zimatengera boma thupi, yomwe ikhoza kukhala olimba, madzi kapena gaseous.

Nalo zachilengedwe zovuta za psinjika deta ntchito mfundo buku elasticity kapena koyefishienti, amene ali ndi matanthauzo mfundo osiyanitsidwa.

Kayendedwe ka mamolekyulu

A boma la mpumulo kapena maatomu kapena mamolekyulu matupi olimba si mwachibadwa. Iwo zoyenda zonse, chikhalidwe cha potsata boma matenthedwe za thupi, ndi amadza kuti panopa poyera. Part pulayimale particles - ayoni zoipa mlandu (amatchedwa ma elekitironi) kusunthira pa liwiro kuposa ndi mlandu positive.

Ku maganizo a boma la loitanirana, thupi - ndi zinthu zovuta, zakumwa kapena mipweya, malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha zoyenda maselo. Kuchotsedwa zolimba zikhoza kugawidwa crystalline ndi amorphous. Lamulo la tinthu galasi ndi maganizo analamula kwathunthu. Mu zakumwa, mamolekyulu kusamukira ku mfundo chosiyana. Iwo amasunthira ku gulu wina ndi mzake, inu mukhoza kulingalira mophiphiritsa n'kumayenda ku kachitidwe kamodzi kwa comets wina zakuthambo.

Chilichonse cha gaseous matupi mamolekyulu ndi ubale zambiri ofooka kuposa madzi kapena olimba. Pangakhale otchulidwa particles kubweza mzake. Elasticity matupi aumunthu chimafotokozera osakaniza zosintha ziwiri zikuluzikulu - mlingo kukameta ubweya ndi buku elasticity koyefishienti.

The fluidity ya matupi

Pakabuka onse kwambiri pakati olimba ndi madzi matupi thupi pakati pawo, ku katundu wa kufanana awo ambiri. Ena mwa iwo, zofewa boma akaphatikiza ndi wapakatikati pakati pa katundu woyamba ndi wachiwiri wa chibadidwe ndi onse, ndi ena. Chotero khalidwe monga fluidity, angathe kuonedwa mu olimba (mwachitsanzo - kapena ayezi nsapato var). Ndi chibadidwe ndi zitsulo, kuphatikizapo yovuta mokwanira. Opanikizika ambiri a iwo amatha loyenda ngati madzi. Mwa kaphatikizidwe ndi Kutentha zigawo ziwiri olimba a chitsulo mwina china chotulutsa pamodzi. Komanso, ndondomeko soldering kukuchitika kutentha kwambiri m'munsi kuposa mfundo limatsogolera lililonse.

ndondomeko zimenezi pa chikhalidwe cha kukhudzana kwathunthu kwa mbali ziwiri. Ndi mwanjira imeneyi zitsulo kasakaniza wazitsulo zosiyanasiyana. katundu nchakuti amatchedwa mayamwidwe.

About zakumwa ndi mipweya

Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo ambiri, asayansi afike pomvetsetsa zotsatirazi: olimba thupi - si gulu linalake lakutali. Kusiyana pakati pa iwo ndi madzi okha mu lalikulu mikangano mkati. Masana zinthu limati osiyana amapezeka mu kutentha zina.

Mipweya amasiyana zakumwa ndi zolimba kuti kuonjezera mphamvu zotanuka ngakhale pa kusintha mkulu buku zimachokeradi mu iwo. Kusiyana pakati pa zakumwa ndi zolimba - mu zolimba ndi amapezeka mphamvu zotanuka mu kukameta ubweya, i.e. kusintha mawonekedwe. zodabwitsazi si anati mu zakumwa, amene angathe kutenga chilichonse mitundu ya.

Tinthu ndi amorphous

Monga tanenera kale, ziwiri madera a zolimba - crystalline ndi amorphous. Amorphous matupi amene ali yemweyo thupi katundu mu njira zonse. khalidwe limeneli anatchula isotropy. Monga mwachitsanzo, utomoni anaumitsa, mankhwala Amber, galasi. isotropy awo - zotsatira za mwachisawawa dongosolo la mamolekyulu ndi maatomu mu zikuchokera kanthu.

M'chigawo crystalline particles pulayimale imakonzedwa m'njira yosavuta kulibe monga kapangidwe mkati nthawi abwerezedwa madera osiyana. The thupi katundu wa matupi awa ali osiyana, koma ali yemweyo mbali yomweyi. Malo omwe ndi chofuna kuchita timibulu anacemerwa anisotropy. chifukwa iye - ndi wosiyana mphamvu ya zimene zimachitika pakati pa mamolekyulu ndi maatomu mu madera osiyana.

Mono- ndi polycrystalline

Mu timibulu umodzi homogeneous dongosolo mkati ndi akubwerezedwa mu buku lonse. Polycrystals amaoneka ngati kuchuluka kwa mosintha zinaphatikizidwa crystallites limodzi laling'ono. particles awo constituent imakonzedwa pa mtunda mosamalitsa kumatanthauza Chrixitu ndi m'ndondomeko. Pansi latisi zikutanthauza mndandanda wa mfundo, i.e. mfundo kutumikira monga malo mamolekyulu kapena maatomu. Zitsulo ndi eg crystalline kutumikira monga mfundo substructures mlatho, ndi nyumba zina olimba. Ndi chifukwa zimatha zolimba crystalline ndi ankaphunzira zolinga zothandiza.

Mu makhalidwe enieni mphamvu zoipa bwanji galasi latisi zopindika, onse padziko ndi mkati. Mofananamo katundu zolimba kupatukana gawo la sayansi amatchedwa ndi zimango okhwima thupi.