Ofananira mafupa. Mafupa a mafupa ofananira

Mafupa ndi mfundo za ubwenzi wa minofu minofu zofewa thandizo, chitetezo ndi cholandirira viscera. Akufotokozera ku mesenchyme lapansi. Kuyambira mazana awiri mafupa munthu wa mafupa anthu ali. Ofananira mafupa ndi kutambasuka kwa zigwirizana mafupa osiyana, koma Pafupifupi onsewo ndi Mitsemphayi, mfundo ndi kugwirizana ena kupanga lonse.

kusintha chigoba pa moyo

Mafupa moyo nthawi zonse kusintha. Cartilaginous mafupa a mwana wosabadwayo, mwachitsanzo, panthawi ya chitukuko yoopsa pang'ono ndi pang'ono m'malo ndi fupa. ndondomeko imeneyi pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa zaka zingapo. Kwabadwa mwana, pafupifupi 270 mafupa mafupa a. Izi kwambiri kuposa munthu wamkulu, chomwe 200-208. kusiyana unabuka chifukwa mafupa wakhanda lili mbewu zambiri yaing'ono. Only kwa msinkhu winawake, iwo coalesce mu akuluakulu. Zimenezi zikugwira Mwachitsanzo, kwa mafupa a msana, mafupa a chiuno ndipo mutu. Sacral vertebrae ali zinaphatikizidwa mu sacrum (fupa limodzi) mpaka zaka 18-25.

Kodi mafupa simuli mwachindunji mafupa a?

Ndi mafupa a siliyankha ikukhudzana asanu miyala yapadera kuti akupezeka mu khutu pakati, zitatu mbali iliyonse. N'zokhudza yekha ndi mzake ndi kutenga nawo mbali pa ntchito ya pa limba mmakutu. Izi fupa opatsirana Phokoso khutu mumtima likalowa m'makutu a.

NKHANI mafupa ena

Hyoid fupa mu thupi yekha osati mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi ena. Ndi ili mu khosi, koma pachikhalidwe amati ndi mafupa chigaza (munthu khadi). Iwo lili thereto minofu ndi chikugwirizana ndi m'phuno ndi. Femur - motalikitsa mu mafupa, ndipo stirrup, kukhala khutu pakati - laling'ono.

mafupa gulu

Anthu, mafupa lakonzedwa mfundo wamba kuti inakhala. mafupa ake m'magulu awiri: mafupa ofananira ndi kutambasuka kwa. Woyamba ndi mafupa kuti apange mafupa a thupi. Iwo bodza pakati - izo zonse mafupa a mutu ndi khosi, sternum, nthiti, vertebrae. Ofananira nyama mafupa zachokera pa mfundo yomweyo. Extension - ndi scapula, clavicle, fupa, chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi malekezero ndi mafupa a chiuno.

Subgroups a mafupa ofananira

mafupa onse a mafupa a anawagawa subgroups. Ofananira mafupa tso zotsatirazi.

1. chigaza fupa ndi maziko a mutu, komanso bwalo la ubongo, ziwalo kununkhiza, kumva ndi masomphenya. Yaima zigawo ziwiri: kutsogolo ndi ubongo.

2. Popeza mafupa anthu (ofananira mafupa) tisaiwale ndi chifuwa, umene ndi wothinikizidwa mawonekedwe a chulucho truncated. Ndi zapamwamba kwa ziwalo zosiyanasiyana mkati. Amakhala awiriawiri 12 nthiti 12 thoracic vertebrae ndi sternum.

3. msana (Aka - pa msana ndime) - ndi mchirikizo wa onse mafupa, ndi olamulira chachikulu cha thupi. Msana akudutsa mkati ngalande msana.

Subgroups mafupa zina

Chimagogomeza subgroups zotsatirazi.

1. lamba wa chapamwamba miyendo, amene amalola kuphatikana wa ofananira mafupa a chapamwamba nthambi. Amakhala ndi awiri clavicles ndi masamba phewa.

2. miyendo Upper, amene yabwino wosakanikirana kugwira ntchito. Iwo amakhala ndi zigawo zitatu: dzanja, mkono ndi mapewa.

3. lamba wa malekezero a m'munsi amapereka kutsatira mafupa ofananira wa malekezero a m'munsi. Komanso ndi thandizo ndi cholandirira kwa ziwalo kugonana, kachitidwe ka mkodzo ndi m'mimba.

4. kumalekezero m'munsi yomwe kayendedwe ka thupi m'malere.

Mafupa komanso mbali zina za mafupa ofananira

Monga mukuonera, mafupa mafupa a magulu awiri. Takambirana mwachidule ofananira ndi mafupa owonjezera. Ife sitikhala akukhala kutambasuka, monga si mbali ya ntchito yathu. Tiyeni tikambirane m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana ndi mafupa omwe amapanga onsewo ofananira mafupa.

msana

Izi thandizo makina a thupi. Iwo limapangidwa ku 32 34 vertebrae inakula. m'madipatimenti asanu chikusonyeza msana: coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracic, khomo lachiberekero. Mankhwala a lumbar ndi mafoni khomo lachiberekero, ndi sacral ndi chifuwa - ali wofooka. Anayi thupi kupinda ndi ndime msana. Lumbar ndi unakhota khomo lachiberekero imatsogoleredwa patsogolo, kupanga lordosis ndi thoracic ndi sacral - kumbuyo (kyphosis). M'madera osiyanasiyana vertebrae sizili yofanana. Akudalira pa ukulu zimene zinachitika kwa wina wa iwo kutsegula ndi chitukuko minofu. Sacral ndi lumbar vertebrae kufika kukula pazipita. The zimbale intervertebral zinthu ngati mantha-absorber - kugawira kuthamanga pakati vertebrae, komanso kupereka mphamvu zoyenera ndi kuyenda.

Pa moyo, pali chitukuko cha mafupa ofananira. msana A akhanda pafupifupi molunjika, patapita kanthawi pali zokhotakhota msana. Pali awiri kupinda mmbuyo ndi awiri patsogolo (kyphosis ndi lordosis).

Cholinga cha iwo ndi kufooketsa kugwedezeka torso ndi mutu pamene akuthamanga, kuyenda, kulumpha. Kupindika msana (kupindika msana kwina kulikonse) zimawonedwa anthu ambiri. nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kupitirirabe msana chopweteka.

vertebrae

Ndi mafupa ofananira zikuphatikizapo vertebrae. Ali ndi thupi kuzungulira ndi kutseka vertebral foramen Chipilala. Ali zokhudzana kuti kulumikiza ndi mzake linanena vertebrae. Chingwe msana umadutsa mkati mwa m'maenje. iwo anapanga njira yotulukira wotchedwa ngalande msana. Ndi chitetezo chodalirika kwa fupa ndi mu chingwe chake msana. The zikuchokera linkawonongeka zikuphatikizapo: ndi Dura Mater (Kakhungu zoteteza); spinous ndondomeko ya fupa, zomwe zikugwirizana kuti minofu; msana ndi magazi zotengera. Pa gawo la chimbale intervertebral Tingaone lenticular phata pulposus ndi mphete fibrous. Spinous ndondomeko adatembenuka ndi vertebral thupi - patsogolo. Pakati anakonza kutsegula peresenti. Tiyeni tinene mawu ochepa za arcs. Pa arcs vertebrae ndi zamkati, amene pamodzi kupanga maenje intervertebral kudzera amene pochitika misempha msana.

Tiyeni akukhala ena vertebrae poona dongosolo la mafupa ofananira. Atlas - woyamba khomo lachiberekero linkawonongeka. Iye alibe thupi. linkawonongeka Izi articulates ndi 2 linkawonongeka khomo lachiberekero ndi fupa occipital a Chigaza lapansi. Epistrophe (2 khomo lachiberekero linkawonongeka) ali ndi ndondomeko odontoid, amene chikugwirizana ndi Buku la mapu a (zapambuyo Chipilala). Spinous ndondomeko pa 7 linkawonongeka khomo lachiberekero si bifurcated. Ndi mosavuta zimadziŵika. Zimenezi chimafikira pamwamba pa vertebrae moyandikana ndi njira zawo spinous. Ndi kutchulidwa zambiri amuna. Pa vertebrae thoracic ndi glenoid fossa. Iwo ayenera angagwirizanitse nthiti. Njira spinous wa vertebrae thoracic akhala akutsogolera downwards ndi chammbuyo, ali motalikitsa. Kwambiri chachikulu - lumbar vertebrae. njira zawo spinous ali anapanduka kumbuyo. 5 zinaphatikizidwa vertebrae imakhala sacrum. Kusiyanitsa lonse chapamwamba gawo (m'munsi), mbali mbali ziwiri ndi pansi yopapatiza (pamwamba). Kudzera mabowo sacrum mayesedwe misempha, ndipo mu ngalande sacral. Ndi mbali ina ya ngalande msana. Taz prichlenyaetsya kwa sacrum. Coccygeal fupa la mafupa ofananira ogaŵikana 4-5 zinaphatikizidwa vertebrae pakati pa underdeveloped. Awa ndi zotsala za mchira, omwe anali a makolo a munthu. Ntchito m'malo olumikizirana mafupa, chichereŵechereŵe ndi Mitsemphayi inakula vertebrae. Msana akhoza unbend ndi unakhota kupindika, weramirani mbali imodzi. Ambiri avundulidwe magulu ake - khomo lachiberekero ndi lumbar.

thorax

Wina dipatimenti, amene ali ndi mafupa ofananira - thorax. Amakhala wa sternum (wasonyeza chikusonyeza wofiira), nthiti ndi thoracic vertebrae. Kutalika kwa sternum akuluakulu 16 mpaka 23 cm. Izi unpaired lathyathyathya fupa la mafupa ofananira. Mmenemo izi zigawo zitatu: ndondomeko xiphoid, pafupifupi (thupi) ndi chapamwamba (chogwirira). Nthiti amapangidwa ndi chichereŵechereŵe ndi fupa. The woyamba ili pafupi horizontally. awiriawiri isanu ndi iwiri ya nthiti ndi cartilages awo kumalekezero kutsogolo olumikiza sternum lapansi. The ena awiriawiri asanu osalumikidwa ndi izo. 8, 9. ndi 10 awiri prichlenyayutsya kuti chichereŵechereŵe overlying nthiti. 11 ndi 12 ufulu mapeto ndi malekezero kutsogolo kwa minofu. Munthu pachifuwa ndi ziwiya m'mapapo, mtima, kum'mero, trachea, mitsempha ndi magazi lalikulu. Iye ali nawo kupuma - buku ake pa mpweya ndi inhalation kudzera kayendedwe rhythmic amachepetsa ndipo ukuwonjezeka. pachifuwa A wakhanda ali ndi mawonekedwe pyramidal. Komabe, papita kukula kwa thorax lapansi. Mu akazi ndi zochepa kuposa amuna, komanso mbali chapamwamba ndi zimakhalanso onse. Kusintha thorax kutheka pambuyo matenda. Mwachitsanzo, nkhuku mawere kukhala rickets aakulu (mu nkhani iyi, sternum mutuluka zikuchepa patsogolo).

chigaza fupa

Pofotokoza ofananira mafupa, m'pofunika akukamba za achigaza. Wake ndi mafupa okha analemba za izi: m'mphuno fupa, mazunzo fupa, parietal, malar, occipital, wotsika ndi maxillary mafupa ndi mano. Chibade (mafupa mutu) ali M'mimbamo komwe ubongo. Pali Komanso, pakamwa, mphuno cholandirira kumva ndi masomphenya. Poganizira mafupa ofananira wa nyama ndi anthu, kawirikawiri kusiyanitsa kutsogolo kwa chigaza ndi ubongo. mafupa ake onse, kupatula mandible, pakati seaming a. mitundu iwiri iwiri ya dayisi mpaka dipatimenti ubongo. Ndi za kanthawi ndi parietal. Komanso allocated anayi unpaired - occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid, mazunzo. Six wophatikizidwa mafupa nkhope anaimiriridwa anapambulwa (chapamwamba chibwano, lacrimal, m'mphuno, palatal, zygomatic ndi kutsikira turbinate), ndi ziwiri unpaired. Dama ndi kutsegula ndi nsagwada m'munsi. Hyoid fupa - ichi ndi nkhope fupa. Ambiri a mafupa a mutu wa mafupa ndi njira ndi mabowo kwa ndimeyi Mitsempha ndi misempha. Ena khungu kapena M'mimbamo wodzazidwa ndi mpweya (otchedwa sinusitis). Brain chigaza ndi munthu chimapambana pa nkhope.

The sutures mafupa chigaza

Osiyana matabwa amene interconnect chigaza fupa. Iwo anabwera mu lathyathyathya (m'mphepete yosalala ali pafupi wina ndi mnzake mafupa nkhope khadi), scaled (kotero kugwirizana parietal ndi fupa kanthawi), zida (ali khalidwe la mbali yaikulu ya mafupa chigaza ndi wamphamvu). zimfundo kwambiri akulu makamaka ossified okalamba. Ndi zikugwirizana temporomandibular olowa pamodzi ndi fupa zosatha wa mandible lapansi. olowa uyu ali chichereŵechereŵe, Mitsemphayi, kapisozi olowa zimakhazikika.

Zambiri za dongosolo Chibade cha

Denga wotchedwa kumtunda kwa gawo oziziritsa a mafupa mutu. Ndi pansi - padziko. Iwo oyenerera foramen magnum. Nkhope mafupa khadi (kupatula pansi chipolopolo), ndipo chigaza denga chake chitukuko Kodi 2 magawo: loyamba, webby, ndiye fupa. Kwa ena, mafupa a Chigaza cha amakhala ndi magawo atatu: membranous, chichereŵechereŵe ndi fupa. The zotsala za chigaza membranous (otchedwa fontanelles) zilipo pa ntsoyi ya chigaza cha ana akhanda. Pali yekha zisanu ndi chimodzi: awiri mastoid, awiri mphero woboola pakati, kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo. The lalikulu la iwo - kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Front ili ku mphambano za parietal ndi mafupa mazunzo (pamwamba). Kwa zaka imodzi ndi theka iye ossified. Occipital (kumbuyo) fontanel patangopita 2 miyezi pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa mwana limakula. Makanda akuti fontanelles lateral amakhala palibe, ndipo ngati iwo ali, ndiye mwamsanga anachuluka (pa mwezi wa 2 kapena 3 wa moyo). Newborn ofesi kutsogolo wochepa otukuka poyerekezera ndi ubongo kuposa wamkulu: mano zikusowa, sinuses pneumatic mafupa cranial si chozama. Sutures ossify msinkhu, komanso amachepetsa mu wosanjikiza cancellous fupa - chigaza ndi Chimaona ndi zosavuta. kukula udzatha mu zaka 25-30. Chibade amuna ndi kuposa akazi amene amagwirizana ndi kukula chonse cha thupi. Tokhala ndi protrusions pa mafupa cranial ali wochepa kutchulidwa akazi kuposa amuna.

Kotero, ife anayang'ana pa zofunika ziwalo za ofananira mafupa. Kumbukirani kuti pa kutambasuka takambirana mwachidule, popeza si nkhani imeneyi. Tsopano inu mukudziwa kuti mafupa ofananira tichipeza mafupa osiyanasiyana, amene nyumba osiyana ndi ntchito.