Western Front wa First World nkhondo: kumenyana

Koma zikhoza kapadera motsimikiza nkhondo kuti Western Front adzachotsa kwambiri ya moyo. Kuno tili wokhudza chitukuko uwiri - Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani. Mu 1871, Bismarck anatenga Napoleon III, Alsace ndi Lorraine. The mbadwo watsopano wa anansi wofunitsitsa kubwezera.

German kuwukira

Malinga ndi chikonzero cha Schlieffen, asilikali a ku Germany anali kum'menya mwamphamvu mwamsanga mdani wakeyo yaikulu m'chigawo - France. Pofuna kuti pakhale njira yabwino Paris, akukonzekera kuti akagwire Belgium ndi Luxembourg. The ukulu ting'onoting'ono anagwiritsidwa Aug. 2, 1914. Zinali anakhomedwa woyamba chaonekera pa izo. Western kutsogolo anatsegula. Patapita masiku awiri, Belgium anali zikuphedwa, amene anakana kulola asilikali akagwiriridwa m'dziko lake.

Nkhondo kiyi wa masiku oyamba a nkhondo imatengedwa kuzinga mu mpanda wa Liege. Iye anali mfundo yaikulu ya Kuoloka kwa mtsinje Maas. Ntchito asilikali zinachitika kuyambira August 5 mpaka 16. Kumbuyo (36,000 reservists) ndi akanagwiritsa ntchito forts 12 400 mfuti. Maaskaya nkhondo asilikali anali pafupifupi 2 zina apamwamba (pafupifupi 60 zikwi Asilikali ndi akuluakulu).

mzinda ankaona ndi mpanda wolimba angaloŵe, koma anagwa mwamsanga pamene Germany anakulira kuzinga zida zankhondo (12 August). Atagwa Liège, August 20 dziko likulu - Brussels, ndipo pa August 23 - Namur. Pa nthawi yomweyo, asilikali French anayesetsa kugonjetsa ndi kupeza kufalikira Alsace ndi Lorraine. Cha kuzinga mzinda panali kukhazikitsa isanayambike mofulumira asilikali German. Pa nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa August nkhondo, zinadziwika kuti kulimbitsa mtundu wakale sangathe kuletsa asilikali okonzeka ndi zida zatsopano - XX atumwi.

Little Belgium mwamsanga anasiya, ndi m'mikangano ya anatitumiza kwa mzere ndi France, kumene anakhala pa Western Front. 1914 - izo ndi mndandanda wa nkhondo kumapeto kwa August (a Ardennes opareshoni, Nkhondo ya Charleroi ndi Mons). Chiwerengero cha asilikali mbali zonse kuposa 2 miliyoni. Ngakhale kuti French 5 Army anathandiza magulu angapo a asilikali British kwa Kaiser 5 September ife anafika Marne Mtsinje.

Nkhondo ya Marne

Zolinga za Berlin Lamulo anali mu Paris akuona. cholinga Zimenezi zinali kukwaniritsa, chifukwa mayunitsi payekha anali kale pa mtunda wa makilomita 40 kuchokera likulu French mu September oyambirira. Pa Front Western mu 1914 ankaoneka kuti alimbikire kuti simungathe bwino Kaiser ndi wake General Wogwila.

Inali pa nthawi iyi asilikali Entente anapita kauntala-kuukira. Kumenyana inafalikira yaikulu m'dera. Pa nthawi yofunika kuthandiza French anafika Morocco Division. Asilikali anabwera, osati pa njanji, koma ngakhale mothandizidwa ndi takisi. Imeneyi inali nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri pamene nkhondo monga galimoto zoyendera ntchito lalikulu zedi. Communication wa asilikali German anali anatambasula kudutsa Belgium ndi kubwezeretsa mu anthu oti anasiya. Komanso, yemweyo 5 French Army anaswa chitetezo mdani n'kupita kumbuyo, kumene asilikali ambiri German adaponyamo East Prussia, kumene Russia anatsegula North-Western Front. Kuwona zinthu izi, General Alexander Von Kluck analamula kuti abwerere.

Asilikali a anapanga Alliance analandira amphamvu maganizo amadza. Nthawi yokhalira pa ogwira anatsogolera chakuti wandende anatenga kugona asilikali. Komabe, France ndi England sanathe kupeza mwayi wa kupambana kwake. Chizunzo anali aulesi ndi pang'onopang'ono. Ogwirizana analephera anadula akuthawa adani ndi kumela mu milandu wakhe.

Ndi October, ankhondo yogwira kusamutsidwa kwa kumpoto, pafupi ndi nyanja. The oyenda mbali zonse anayesa kuzilambalala pambali mdani. Kupambana wakhala variable, mpaka ku mapeto a chaka palibe munthu anakhoza anakantha mwachangu. Pa Khirisimasi, ena magawano Mwamseri anavomera kuti asiye-moto. Onsewa amalandira dzina "Khirisimasi osayanjanitsika".

nkhondo

Pambuyo zochitika za Marne ndi Front Western wa First World nkhondo anasintha chikhalidwe cha nkhondoyo. Tsopano otsutsa mizu maudindo awo, ndi nkhondo anakhala Pamalo mu 1915. Blitzkrieg dongosolo, amene poyamba aswa ku Berlin analephera.

Ayi zoyesayesa za zipani kupita chitsogolo anatembenuka tsoka. Choncho, pambuyo kuukira mu Shampeni adani anataya anthu zosachepera zikwi 50, patsogolo yekha theka kilometre. Malinga ndi ofanana sewero Nkhondo ya m'mudzi Neuve Chapelle, kumene British ataya asilikali oposa 10 zikwi, patsogolo makilomita 2 okha. Western Front wa First World nkhondo chasanduka mu waukulu mu mbiri ya nyama chopukusira.

Inu mukhoza kupita patsogolo ku Germany. Mu April ndi May panali nkhondo ya Ypres, amene linaonekera wotchuka chifukwa cha ntchito mpweya wa poizoni. Osakonzekera masautso zochitika oyenda anawonongeka, imfa ya zikwi. Pambuyo woyamba kuukira pa nkhondo yomweyo iwo anabweretsedwa masks, amene anathandiza kuti apulumuke kukonzanso ntchito za mafuta chida wa asilikali German. Total zomvetsa pa Ypres Entente anthu 70 thousand (mu German Ufumu - theka). kupambana amanyansidwa wakhala zochepa ndipo ngakhale anafa misa, mzere chitetezo anali konse wosweka.

Ndewu pa Western Front Artois. Apa, adani anayesa kukhala kuukira kawiri - mu kasupe ndi yophukira. ntchito onse alephera mosalephera pogwiritsa ntchito makina mfuti Ulamuliro wa Nazi.

Nkhondo ya Verdun

Upcoming kasupe 1916 Western Front wa First World nkhondo, anakumana ndi zikuluzikulu ntchito asilikali m'dera la mzinda wa Verdun. Mosiyana ntchito yapita, mbali ya dongosolo lotsatira kuukira anali a asilikali German masamu pa chiwembu yopapatiza m'dziko. Ndi nthawi ino - pambuyo mndandanda wa nkhondo wamagazi - German asilikali chabe analibe chuma chokwanira patsogolo dera lalikulu, monga izo zinali Mwachitsanzo, pa Marne mu 1914.

Mbali yofunika ya kuukira anayamba shelling amene anawononga malo yamalinga wa nzika za Republic Chachitatu. Pambuyo mabomba anawononga mpanda wa oyenda azigwira. Komanso, zida izi nzeru ngati flamethrowers ankagwiritsa ntchito. Ndi chiyambi cha osewera a asilikali anapanga Alliance anapindula kanthu njira.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, Russia anapitirizabe kunyoza kwawo chakumadzulo Front. Nyanja naroch amanyansidwa anayamba kutalika kwa zochitika Verdun. Asilikali Russian anapanga feint m'dera la Minsk dera ano, kenako Ulamuliro wa Nazi lamulo anaganiza kusamutsa mbali ya asilikali ake kum'mawa, anawapeza mu Berlin, kumeneko anayamba amanyansidwa ambiri. Unalakwitsa, chifukwa nkhonya yake yaikulu anakantha Russia mu malangizo a Austria-Hungary (Brusilov zolawula).

mwanjira ina, koma nkhani analengedwa. amadzibisa Western ndi kum'mawa imodzi wotopa asilikali Kaiser a. Mu October, pambuyo angapo zolephera m'dera la French anabwera mizere anachita mu February kumayambirilo a nagonjetsa mdani. Palibe zotsatira njira siinafike Germany. Kuchuluka zomvetsa mbali zonse afika anthu oposa 600 thousand (inapha 300 zikwi).

Nkhondo ya Somme ndi

Mu July 1916, pamene Nkhondo ya Verdun inali kupitiriza, adani anayamba kugwirizana awo kuukira kutsogolo wina. Opaleshoni pa Somme anayamba ndi zida zankhondo akukhudzidwa, limene anachita sabata. Atawonongedwa anakonza zomangamanga mdani, kayendedwe kuyambira oyenda.

Monga izo zinali isanafike, mu 1916 ku Western Front padagwedezeka ndi nkhondo yaitali ndi protracted. Komabe, zochitika za Somme anali kukumbukiridwa mu mbiri ya zinthu zingapo. Choyamba, pali anayamba ntchito akasinja. Iwo anatulukira ndi British ndi osiyana luso ungwiro: mofulumira sanali kumusamalira ndipo anali wosweka. Komabe, sanaleke latsopano mankhwala chifukwa akuluakulu zimakhudza maganizo pa oyenda mdani. Yogwira mantha anamwazikana pamene mtundu umodzi basi zabodza zopezeka luso. kupambana Izi anapereka kutsogolera kwambiri chitukuko cha thanki. Kachiwiri, awo mwayi watsimikizira mlengalenga kafukufuku, amene kunachitidwa kuti kafukufuku udindo mdani.

Kumenya Nkhondo zikuchitika, ndiponso kutopa anatenga nthawi yaitali chikhalidwe. Mwa September, zinadziwika kuti mphamvu atsopano mu Germany kukhala. Chifukwa, mu masiku oyamba ya nyundo adani patsogolo kwambiri mu maudindo adani makumi angapo makilomita. September 25, ankachita msinkhu, anali kufunika njira m'chigawochi.

Western kutsogolo World nkhondo unakhetsedwa mbali German amene ankamenyana ndi adani angapo okha. Iwo anataya malo ofunika ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri. Somme ndi Verdun anatsogolera chakuti adani analanda angagwire ntchito ndipo tsopano angathe kukakamiza nkhondo ndi Kaiser ndi ndodo yake.

mzere Hindenburg

Events vekitala zasintha - kumbuyo unakunkhunizidwa pa Front Western. World walowa gawo latsopano. Asilikali lachifumu anali kudzipatula kwa mzere Hindenburg. Ilo linali dongosolo la malinga Mbali yaikulu. Anayamba kumanga ngakhale pa zochitika za Somme mogwirizana ndi malangizo a Paulo Von Hindenburg, amene ulemu dzina lake. Field polimbana ndi kunditumiza ku France pa zisudzo East ntchito, kumene bwinobwino anamenyana ndi Russian Ufumu. njira zake kuthandiza ena a asilikali chithunzi - Erich Ludendorff, amene anathandiza gulu Nazi wakweza mutu wake m'tsogolo.

Mzere inamangidwa mu yozizira 1916-1917 a. Iwo unagawidwa mu mizere 5, analandira maina a zilembo za epic German. Western kutsogolo nkhondo World 1 zambiri anakumbukira makilomita ngalande ndi waya waminga. asilikali potsiriza adasamutsidwa mu February 1917. mthunzi The anali limodzi ndi chiwonongeko cha mizinda, misewu ndi zomangamanga zina (anapsa lapansi).

Nivelle zolawula

Wamkulu komanso woyamba kukumbukira First World nkhondo? Western Front - chizindikiro cha meaninglessness amene anakhudzidwa anthu. "Kagawo ndi dayisi Nivelle" anakhala mmodzi wa mavuto kwambiri pa mbiri za nkhondo.

Mu ntchito kumbali ya Entente panafika anthu oposa mamiliyoni 4, pamene Germany anali miliyoni 2,7 yekha. Komabe, ntchito malire n'zosatheka. Atatsala pang'ono Germany kuponya analanda msilikali French amene anali naye dongosolo la ntchito mu kulemba. Choncho anadziŵa chomwe chinali kubwera kuukira diversionary, kukonza Britain. Motero, ntchito langokhala ziro.

Nkosafuna amanyansidwa bogged pansi, ndipo adani sanathe kubooleza chitetezo cha mdani. Losses mbali zonse kuposa hafu miliyoni. Pambuyo kulephera mu France anayamba kunyanyala ndi kusakhutira pakati pa anthu.

Komanso tiyenera kudziwa kuti kuukira wathuwu nawo asilikali Russian. Russian aboma unakhazikitsidwa mwachindunji kutumiza ku Ulaya. Pambuyo zomvetsa ambiri mu April-May 1917 izo unatha ndi asilikali atsala anatumizidwa ku msasa pafupi Limoges. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha asilikali amene anaima m'dziko lachilendo anagalukira, ndipo pambuyo October kuukira boma itayamba, munthu wabwerera ku nkhondo, ena zomera kumbuyo, ndipo wachitatu anapita ku Algeria ndi Balkans. M'tsogolo apolisi ambiri anabwerera kwawo ndipo anafa Civil nkhondo.

Pashendeyl ndi Cambrai

M'chilimwe cha 1917 zinali zodzaza ndi Nkhondo Chachitatu wa Ypres, yomwe imatchedwanso dzina lake m'mudzi wina waung'ono Pashendeyl. Panthawi imeneyi, lamulo British anaganiza kuswa Western Front. World amakakamizidwa kukumbukira m'midzi yambirimbiri ya chuma Ufumu. Ndi apa kuti anamenya kwambiri Canada, Australia, New Zealand ndi South Africa. Aboma Force analandira choyamba misa imfa chifukwa cha ntchito ya mdani watsopano wa chida mpweya. Zinali mpiru mafuta kapena kampiru, kamene anagunda ziwalo kupuma, maselo anawonongedwa, kusokoneza kagayidwe chakudya m'thupi. Zipatalazo wa Field polimbana Douglas Haig anafa ndi zikwi.

Impact ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. m'madambo Local anakwiriridwa pansi mvula, ndipo anali kuyenda m'matope wandiweyani. The British anataya okwana anthu 500 zikwi aphedwa ndiwobvulazidwa. Patsogolo zinali zotheka makilomita ochepa. Palibe akudziwa pamene mapeto 1 World. Western Front anapitiriza unayaka.

Chinanso chofunika wa British - zolawula pa Cambrai (November-December 1917), kumene ndigwira sikunachitekepo akasinja bwino ankagwiritsa ntchito. Iwo anakwanitsa kudutsa mzere Hindenburg. Komabe, mbali n'zosiyana wa mwayi anali zomwe zikutsalirazi kumbuyo oyenda ndi chifukwa motsatizana aya. mdani anatengerapo mwayi uwu, ndi woyenera counterattack ndipo anaponyera British udindo awo oyambirira.

Kumalizidwa kwa msonkhano

Monga mu 1914, Front Western mpaka miyezi yomaliza ya nkhondo pafupifupi sanasinthe udindo wake. zinthu anakhalabe khola kufikira nthawi pamene mphamvu ya Bolsheviks unakhazikitsidwa mu Russia, Lenin anaganiza kuti asiye "imperialist nkhondo". dziko kulephereka kangapo chifukwa kuwaza anatumidwa, lotsogoledwa ndi Trotsky Komabe, pambuyo kuukira wotsatira wa mgwirizanowo Germany akadali yosainidwa pa March 3, 1918 Brest. Pambuyo pake, kuyambira kum'mawa mofulumira 44 magulu anatitumiza.

Ndipo pa March 21 anayamba otchedwa kasupe mseru yemwe anali womaliza kwambiri pofuna asilikali a Wilhelm II zoika nthawi ya nkhondo imeneyi. The chifukwa cha ntchito angapo anali kukakamiza Marne Mtsinje. Komabe, pambuyo akuwoloka anatha kupangitsa makilomita 6 okha, ndiye mu July, adani linakhazikitsa zikuluzikulu potsimikizira-mseru ankalitcha tsiku zana. Pakati Amiens ndi Saint Miyelsky protrusions anali successively inathetsedwa pakati Aug. 8 November 11. Mu September, anayamba kuponya ambiri a ku North Sea kuti Verdun.

Kuyambira cha chuma ndipo Mu Germany, ndi ngoziyo anthu. asilikali nkhongono anagonja paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi. kugonjetsedwa anali kulimbikitsa ndi chakuti United States limodzi ndi adani. magulu American anali amuna ophunzitsidwa bwino ndi wodzaza mphamvu, monga kuyenera amene anali kutsidya lina la kunkhondo, zomwe kukunkhuniza ndi makilomita 80. Ndi November, mkanganowo kale mu Belgium. manambala 11 Berlin panali kusintha, kuononga mphamvu ya William. Boma latsopano lalembedwa ndi armistice. nkhondoyo inatha.

zotsatira

Mwalamulo pamene nkhondoyo inatha yekha June 28, 1919, pamene pangano zogwirizana yosainidwa mu Palace ya Versailles. Maulamuliro Berlin kuti alonjeza kupereka indemnity chachikulu, kupereka chakhumi cha gawo la dzikoli, demilitarization. Kwa zaka zingapo chuma dziko Inabuka chisokonezo. Mark depreciated.

Kodi anthu ambiri anatenga First World nkhondo? Western Front anakhala mbuto ikulu ya nkhondo mu zaka za nkhondo. Pa mbali zonse za imfa za anthu miyandamiyanda, ambiri anavulazidwa, contusion kapena openga. Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yatsopano ya zida monga konse zimamutchipitsa moyo wa munthu. Luso latsopano wabweza nzeru. Western Front, nkhonyayo woyamba amene anali oyipa monga kuukira patatha zaka 4, anakhalabe sanali machiritso chilonda m'mbiri ya Ulaya. Ngakhale kuti nkhondo wamagazi anatenga malo ena zigawo, iwo sanali kufunika njira. Zinali pa nthaka Belgium ndi French asilikali German anavutika ndi zomvetsa akuluakulu.

Zimenezi anali zimaonekera chikhalidwe: Mabuku Remarque, Junger, Aldington ndi ena. Apa ndi logwirika wamng'ono Adolf Hitler. m'bado wake anali anamukwiyitsa mokondera zotsatira za nkhondo. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kukula kwa maganizo chauvinistic mu Republic Weimar Anazi anayamba kulamulira ndi mliri wa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.