Maphunziro a Ukraine monga boma: tsiku ndi mbiri. Pamene ine anapanga Ukraine monga boma?

Ukraine - dziko waukulu mu Europe. Ngakhale ena a mbiri yakale amanena kuti dziko ndi malo chikhalidwe European ndi wakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, si. Maphunziro a Ukraine monga boma zinachitika zaka 23 zapitazo. Izi ndi dziko achinyamata kuti basi kuphunzira kukhala paokha, popanda thandizo lililonse. Kumene, Ukraine kale, koma palibe kutchula kwa dziko monga boma zonse kunachitika. M'dera limeneli pa nthawi imodzi yomwe Asukuti Sarmatians, anthu Turkic, Russia wakale, Cossacks. Iwo onse mwanjira bwanji chitukuko cha dziko.

m'mbiri yakale

Kuyamba ndi kuyamba, mawu akuti "Ukraine" latembenuzidwa kuchokera akale njira Russian "mzinda", umene uli m'malire m'dziko munthu. malo awa akutchedwa "Bakuman Field". Kutchula koyamba kwa Nyanja Black steppes pachibwenzi VII m'ma BC, zinali ndiye kuti Asikuti anakhala kumeneko. Mu Chipangano Chakale, tiona kuti anatchulidwa anthu chifundo ndipo wankhanza woyendayendawu. Mu 339 BC. e. Asikuti anali agonjetsedwa ndi Filippom Makedonskim, chinali chiyambi cha mapeto awo.

Kwa zaka zinayi, dera Black Sea anali mu nsinga za Sarmatian. Awa anali pachibale mafuko oyendayenda amene anasamukira ku dera wotsika Volga. Mu BC II atumwi. e. Sarmatian anakankhira anthu Turkic. Mu VII m'ma pa magombe a Dnieper Asilavo anayamba kukhazikika, amene m'masiku amenewo anatchedwa Rusich. N'chifukwa chake dziko iwo wotanganidwa ankatchedwa Kievan Lazaro. Akatswiri ena amati mapangidwe Ukraine monga boma anali mu 1187. Izi siziri zoona kwathunthu. Pa nthawi imeneyo, anaonekera kokha liwu loti Ukraine, amatanthauza kuti palibe wina kuposa mzinda Kiev Russia.

Chitata anawazunza

Panthawiyo, mayiko a Ukraine amakono pansi anawazunza a Crimea Chitata. Rusichi anayesa kuti adziwe wolemera, chonde dothi la Great steppe, koma akuba zonse ndi kupha sankaloledwa kubweretsa mapulani athu mapeto. Kwa zaka zambiri, Chitata anali kuopseza yaikulu kwa Asilavo. madera akuluakulu anakhalabe ulesi chifukwa yekha kuti ali limodzi ndi Crimea. Chitata anawazunza ikuchitika chifukwa iwo ankayenera kuti mwanjira kukhala chuma chawo. Iwo zikugwira kuswana ng'ombe, koma sanapereke phindu kwambiri. Chitata mundilanda pafupi ndi Asilavo, anatengedwa m'ndende achinyamata ndi wathanzi, kupatsana akapolo wokonzeka mankhwala Turkey. Mu ambiri a Chitata nkhondo zowawa Volyn, Kyiv dera ndi wotchedwa Galicia.

Ndi kuthetsa nthaka yachonde

Alimi ndi nzika ankadziwa kodi tingapindule kuti anachokera ku yachonde m'madera ufulu. Ngakhale kuti panali kuopseza kuukira Chitata, wolemera n'kukagwiritsa steppe, anamanga midzi, kotero zosangalatsa ndiponso zabwino kwa amphawi wake. Pa nzika anali asilikali awo, kuti akhazikitse bata ndi chilango madera m'manja mwawo. Iwo amapereka alimi mu ntchito ya dziko, ndi kubwerera anafuna kupereka zopereka. Tirigu anabweretsa chuma chosaneneka kwa magnates Polish. Yotchuka kwambiri anali Koretsky, Potocki, Vishnevetskaya, Konetspolskogo. Ngakhale Asilavo zoipa minda, mizati ankakhala m'nyumba yapamwamba, kusambira mu chuma.

Cossacks nthawi

Mu ufulu kukoma Cossacks anayamba kukhazikika m'chigawo ufulu kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XV, nthawi zina ndinazembera malingaliro chilengedwe cha dziko. Ukraine akhoza kukhala malo a akuba ndi amwendamnjira, chifukwa iwo pachiyambi, ukhale m'deralo. Kunja kwa mzinda m'chipululu cha anthu akubwera amene akufuna kukhala mfulu, kotero mtokoma wa Cossacks anali antchito kuthawa olemekezeka ukapolo. Komanso, apa panabwera anthu ndi ansembe defrocked, pofunafuna moyo wabwino. Pakati pa Cossacks anthu chiyambi wolemekezeka, iwo ali makamaka kufunafuna ulendo ndipo, ndithudi, chuma.

Zigawenga inkakhala Lazaro, Poland, Belarusians ndipo ngakhale Chitata anatenga mwamtheradi aliyense. Poyambirira, inali kwambiri wamba bandit gulu limene talandidwa ndi Chitata ndi Turkey ndi kubedwa moyo. Patapita nthawi, anayamba kumanga nkhondoyo - msasa mipanda yolimba kwambiri, amene nthawi zonse pa asilikali ntchito ya usilikali. Kumeneko anayamba kubwerera kuchokera kulondera.

Ena mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti 1552-TH - chaka mapangidwe Ukraine monga boma. Ndipotu, pa nthawi iyi panali wotchuka Zaporizhzhya Sich, amene ali kunyadira Ukrainians. Koma iye sanali zinachitika wa lamakono. Mu 1552, a Cossacks zinalumikizana zigawenga koma linga awo inamangidwa pa chisumbu cha Little Khortytsya. Zonsezi anapanga Vishnevetskii.

Ngakhale poyamba anthu Cossacks anali achifwamba wamba, mundilanda Turkey kwa phindu lawo, pa nthawi anayamba kuteteza kuthetsa wa Asilavo ku anawazunza wa Chitata, anamasulidwa muno kuchokera ku ukapolo. Turkey, ufulu kukoma ichi abale ankaoneka chilango cha Mulungu. Cossacks pa gulls awo (yaitali, maboti yopapatiza) mwakachetechete, kwinaku ndikulimbana ndi kugombe la dziko mdani, ndipo mwadzidzidzi anaukira chitetezo champhamvu.

State Ukraine ankafuna kulenga munthu wa hetmans wotchuka - Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Mtsogoleri Izi zinachititsa kulimbana yotopetsa ndi asilikali Polish, kulota ufulu ndi ufulu a mdziko onse anzake. Khmelnitsky anazindikira kuti yekha sangathe kulimbana ndi mdani Western, kotero anapeza woyang'anira mu umunthu wa Moscow tsar. Kumene, pambuyo mwazi ku Ukraine yatha, koma sanakhale palokha.

Kugwa kwa tsarist ndi

Zikamera wa Ukraine monga boma zingatheke yomweyo pambuyo kupasula wachifumu wa Romanov mafumu. Mwatsoka, andale m'dera analibe mphamvu ya malingaliro, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - umodzi, kubweretsa mapulani athu mapeto kupanga dziko lake palokha. Pa kugwa kwa tsarist Kiev anaphunzira March 13, 1917. Patangotha masiku ochepa Chiyukireniya andale analenga ku Central Rada, koma kusunga mphamvu mu manja awo kuti asiye iwo zopinga maganizo ndi osadziwa mu nkhani zimenezi.

Malinga ndi malipoti ena, mapangidwe Ukraine monga boma unachitikira pa November 22 1917. Tsiku lomwelo, Bungwe chapakati promulgated ya Universal Chachitatu, nalalikira yokha ulamuliro wapamwamba. Komabe, ngati sanasankhebe kuti nadzawasankhula kugwirizana ndi Russia, Ukraine ndi chifukwa kwa nthawi anakhala Republic yoyenda yokha. Mwina mfundo amenewa anali kusamala kwambiri. Patapita miyezi iwiri, Bungwe chapakati anaganiza mapangidwe boma. Ukraine analengeza dziko palokha ndipo mokwanira paokha Russia.

Mogwirizana ndi Austrians ndi Germany

nthawi A pamene panali Ukraine monga boma kuti sizinali zophweka. Pachifukwa ichi, Rada chapakati anakakamizidwa kupempha thandizo ndi chitetezo ku mayiko a ku Ulaya. February 18, 1918 anali anasaina Brest-Litovsk Pangano, chimene Ukraine yakhala ikuchitidwa ku Ulaya, mwa kundipatsako chachikulu chakudya, ndi kubwerera analandira Kuzindikila ufulu ndi thandizo asilikali.

Austrians ndi Germany mu nthawi yochepa asilikali analowa malire a dziko. Mwatsoka, Ukraine sangathe kukwaniritsa mbali ya mawu mgwirizanowo, choncho kumapeto kwa April 1918, ku Central Rada anali kusungunuka. April 29 pa kayendetsedwe ka dziko anayamba Pavlo Skoropadsky. Maphunziro a Ukraine monga boma kupereka anthu Movutikira. vuto ndi kuti panalibe olamulira wabwino m'dziko, amene akhoza kuteteza ufulu madera onse olamulidwa. Skoropadskyi sukhalitsa mu mphamvu ndi chaka. Kale December 14, 1918, ignominiously anathawa ndi asilikali anagwirizana German. Ukraine wakhala kuponyedwa kwa nkhandwe, mayiko a ku Ulaya sanazindikire ufulu wodzilamulira ndipo analibe thandizo lililonse.

Kodi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks

Chiyambi cha 20s zaka mazana makumi awiri anabweretsa m'mavuto mu Nyumba Chiyukireniya. The Bolsheviks analenga dongosolo la austerity, kusiya mwanjira kugwa kwa chuma ndi kupulumutsa boma latsopano. Ukraine kuchokera otchedwa "nkhondo chikominisi" anavutika kwambiri, chifukwa m'gawo lake ndi gwero la ulimi. Limodzi ndi magulu okhala ndi zida akuluakulu anapita ku midzi ndi mphamvu anasankha yambewu Amaya. Izo zinapangitsa kuti anali anasonkhana ku nyumba ya mkate mwatsopano anaphika. Mwachibadwa, Zikatero si abwino ndi kuwonjezeka mu ulimi, alimi anakana ndicho kuyesetsa.

mavuto onse yawonjezedwa ndi chilala. Njala ya 1921-1922 inapha anthu masauzande a Ukrainians. Boma anamvetsetsa kuti njira karoti zina ntchito kosathandiza. Choncho, lamulo anapatsira NEP (Policy Chatsopano Economic). Kumuyamikila kale ndi 1927 ndi 10% kuonjezera malo olimapo. Mu nthawi imeneyi mapangidwe boma pano. Ukraine mwakachetechete kuyiwala za zoopsa za nkhondo yapachiweniweni, njala, dispossession. The Ukrainians anabwerera bwino kukhala kunyumba, kotero iwo ali kwambiri Munaleza anayamba kuchitira Bolsheviks.

Zaufulu simuchita kulowa mu USSR

Kumapeto kwa 1922 Moscow ndiganizire za mgwirizano wa Russia, Belarus ndi mayiko Transcaucasian kulenga kugwirizana wolimba kwambiri. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, pamene anapanga Ukraine monga boma, izo zinali asanu zaka zambiri. December 30, 1922 oimira mayiko onse Soviet wovomerezeka ndi ndondomeko kuphatikiza, n'chifukwa chake analenga USSR.

Chiphunzitso, aliyense wa mayiko anali ndi ufulu wochotsa ku ukwati, koma kuti anali kupeza chilolezo cha Party Communist. Zochita kuti kumenyera ufulu zinali zovuta kwambiri. chipani anali centralized ndi kulamulira ku Moscow. Ukraine yaikulu m'dera lili pa nambala wachiwiri mwa mayiko onse. likulu, anasankhidwa mzinda wa Kharkov. Tsatirani funso lokhudza pamene anapanga Ukraine monga boma, tisaiwale 20-zaka mazana makumi awiri, chifukwa ndi pamene dzikolo linalandira Kupititsa ndi utsogoleri malire.

Zikuchitika ndi chitukuko cha dziko

Woyamba dongosolo zaka zisanu ali adauzira moyo mu Ukraine. Panthawi imeneyi, kunali 400 mabizinesi latsopano mu dziko nkhani za 20% ya ndalama zonse. Mu 1932, a opangira magetsi magetsi inamangidwa, Dnipropetrovsk, zinadziwika pa nthawi imeneyo yaikulu mu Europe. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya antchito anaonekera Kharkov thalakitala Bzalani, Zaporozhye Iron ndi zitsulo Works, ambiri mafakitale Donbass. Mu nthawi yochepa zinabala kuchuluka yaikulu kusintha zachuma. Kuti kusintha mwambo, bwino akhala anayambitsa mpikisano kukhazikitsa oyambirira dongosolo. Boma wapereka ogwira ntchito yabwino ndipo perekani mutu wa Hero wa Socialist Labor.

Ukraine pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World

Mu nthawi ya 1941-1945. Anthu ambiri anafa dziko. Ambiri Ukrainians kumenyana pambali Soviet Union, koma zilibe ntchito ku Western Ukraine. Mderali chogwidwa ndi maganizo ena. Malinga ndi OUN zigaŵenga magulu SS "wotchedwa Galicia", amayenera kukhala odzilamulira okha Moscow, Ukraine. Mbiri ya mapangidwe boma adzakhala chosiyana ngati Germany akadali anapambana. chakuti Germany kuti akaonekere ufulu Ukraine, kukhulupirira, koma malonjezo onse chomwecho iwo adakwanitsa kupambana pa ena 220.000 Ukrainians. Ngakhale pambuyo pa nkhondo, magulu awa zida akhalabe kulibe.

Moyo pambuyo Stalin

imfa Soviet mtsogoleri wakhala kunabweretsa moyo watsopano kwa anthu ambirimbiri ku Soviet Union. Anakhala mfumu yatsopano Nikita Khrushchev, amene anali kugwirizana ndi Ukraine ndipo, ndithudi, ankalimbikitsa ake. Mu ulamuliro wake, inafalitsidwa mlingo watsopano chitukuko. Ndi kuyamika Khrushchev anali umembala wake Crimea chilumba ku Ukraine. Pamene boma adanyamuka, nkhani ina, koma kuti malire awo utsogoleri-dera lawo, izo aumbike mwa Soviet Union.

Kenako anafika zopangira Leonid Brezhnev, komanso mbadwa ya Ukraine. Patapita nthawi pang'ono ulamuliro wa Andropov ndi Chernenko pa helm anali Mikhail Gorbachev. Ndipo Iye anaganiza ukasintha kusintha chuma patsogolo ndi dongosolo Soviet wonse. Gorbachev anali kugonjetsa conservatism a anthu ndipo chipanichi. Gorbachev wakhala anaitana chilungamo ndi kuyesera kuti muyandikire kwa anthu. Anthu anayamba omasuka kwambiri, komabe ngakhale pansi Gorbachev chikomyunizimu ku kulamulira asilikali, apolisi, ulimi, mafakitale KGB kuunikira TV.

palokha

Tsiku la mapangidwe Ukraine monga boma amadziwika onse - ndi 24 August 1991. Koma kodi unachitika chochitika kwambiri? March 17, 1991 msonkhano kafukufuku amene momveka bwino: Ukrainians si ulamuliro wa, Chofunika, kuti si kenako anakula moyo wawo. Chikominisi anayesa ina iliyonse akanatha kulamulira mu manja awo, koma amatipeza amalowetsa kwa iwo.

August 19, 1991 mwaunika reactionaries Mihaila Gorbacheva mu Crimea, ndipo okha Moscow anayesa kulanda kanthu, kulengeza boma la mwadzidzidzi ndipo anapanga Komiti Emergency. Koma kanthu anabwera wa chikominisi. August 24, 1991, pamene panali Ukraine monga boma, ndi Verkhovna Rada analengeza palokha dziko. Koma patapita masiku 5 ntchito za Party Communist inaletsedwa ndi nyumba yamalamulo. 1 December chaka chomwecho, ndi Ukrainians mu referendum ndi anathandiza Act wa wodzilamulira ndipo anasankha pulezidenti chawo choyamba - Leonid Kravchuk.

Kwa zaka zambiri, zinachititsa mu mapangidwe Ukraine monga boma. Map of dziko zambiri zinasintha. M'madera ambiri anali linalanda kuti Soviet Union, izo nkhawa kumadzulo Ukraine, gawo la Odessa Oblast ndi Crimea. Cholinga chachikulu ndi kuteteza Chiyukireniya ano malire utsogoleri-malo. Komabe, n'zotheka okha movutikira. Choncho, pulezidenti lachitatu la Ukraine Victor Yushchenko mu 2009 anapereka Romania mbali ya alumali chokhala. Ndipo mu 2014, Ukraine wataya, ndi ngale wake - chilumba Crimea, amene anasamukira ku Russia. Kodi dziko kusunga dziko lawo liziyenda bwino komanso kukhala paokha, nthawi yokha adzatiuza.