History of Donetsk. Likulu la Donbass ndi mbiri yake

More posachedwapa, dzina la "Donetsk" anthu ambiri okhudzidwa ndi mpira mu zonse m'mphambano za Europe. Koma 2014 inali nthawi ya mavuto kwa mzinda uno, amene anthu anali chapatsogolo nkhondo zomenyedwa ndi ochepa adventurers ndi anthu wamba. Monga munthu anati lalikulu: pomvetsetsa pano zam'tsogolo, tiyenera zakale. Choncho, anthu amene akufuna kudziwa zinthu zimene zinachitika mu miyezi posachedwapa kum'mawa kwa Ukraine, zambiri mukhoza kuwauza nkhani ya Donetsk. Choncho pamene ndi amene anakhazikitsidwa ndi mzinda uno, chifukwa anthu safuna kugonjera maulamuliro Kiev, kuchititsa ndondomeko odana Russian?

prehistory

Pa gawo la Donbass likulu anthu ankakhala kuyambira nthawi makedzana. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi zokumbidwa pansi anapeza pa zofukulidwa anapanga m'madera ena a mzinda m'zaka za m'ma lomaliza. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti m'nthawi munali zosakhalitsa kapena okhazikika kuthetsa wa Asukuti Cimmerians, Sarmatians, Goths, ndipo kenaka, ndi Asilavo. Komabe, panthawi kuyambira pa 13 mpaka cha m'ma 16, anthu anasiya malo awa chifukwa cha wongosamukasamuka ndi kuthetsa atsopano kumeneko anayamba kuoneka pambuyo m'dzikomo anapita pansi pa ulamuliro wa Don Cossacks.

History of Donetsk kuchokera m'ma 18 kuti 19 oyambirira

Yogwira yothetsa beseni mtsinje Kalmius ndi m'maiko ena oyandikana anayamba m'nthawi ya 18 mkulu wa Catherine II. Mu 1760 pa malire a chigawo ano Kiev wa Donetsk idamangidwa ndi Alexander Sloboda, amene anadzakhala m'mudzi. Pa nthawi yomweyo mwa oyandikana midzi aliyense Krutoyarovka ndi Grigorievka. Anthu okhala m'mizindayo, pamodzi ndi ulimi ankachita migodi ya malasha, madipoziti lalikulu lomwe linadzadziŵika pambuyo pokhala pa magombe a mtsinje Kurdyuchya anapita maulendowa, anatumiza kwa kufufuza mchere ndi Peter Wamkulu. Mu 1820 woyamba migodi wamng'ono anali pafupi ndi Alexander. Zinali ndiye kuti anayamba mbiri ya Donetsk monga mmodzi wa malo waukulu migodi ya malasha ku Europe.

M'munsi Yuzovka

Mu 1841, 3 wa Alexander kutsinde wanga inamangidwa, ndi za m'ma 19, chiwerengero cha makampani chinkhoswe mu khala migodi m'chigawo wafika 10. Patapita zaka zochepa boma la Russia Ufumu zinasaina pangano ndi S. V. Kochubeem. Mu mawu a ndikupeleka izi mu Donbas ndi chomera lalikulu kwa kupanga njanji chitsulo anali kumangidwa. Mu 1869 Kochubey chilolezo sizigulitsidwa 24 zikwi mapaundi chabwino British industrialist John Hughes, amene anayamba ntchito yomanga zitsulo chomera pafupi ndi mudzi wa Oleksandrivka. Komanso, anakhazikitsa Yuzivka kuthetsa kwa antchito a mbewu zatsopano. Choncho anayamba mbiri ya Donetsk, yemwe chaka cha 1869 amene ankaona kuti choyamba. Patatha zaka zitatu, ng'anjo kuphulika anayikidwa mu opareshoni, ndipo Hughes Mill ndi limodzi mwa madera zofunika kwambiri mafakitale Russia. Mu zaka 15. anthu ambiri a metallurgists msasa chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 50, unali mzinda mafakitale, zomwe kugwiritsira ntchito wanthambo, chipatala, ndi mahotela ochepa ndi sukulu. Pali ngakhale anali zake, monga ife tikanati lero, ndi oyandikana osankhika zimene iwo ankakhalira, akatswiri ndi akatswiri ena, amene anafika ku Yuzovka ntchito pa mgwirizano. Am'deralo amanenela la Britain, ndi nsanje anthu ake, omwe analipo ngati cholengedwa wabwino ndi madzi ndiponso magetsi.

Donetsk: mbiri ya mzinda pambuyo pa October kuukira boma

Nthawi zonse, magulu Anthuwa ankasiyana cohesion ndi bungwe n'zosadabwitsa kuti nthawi mumzinda anali zitsanzo Unyinji wa antchito udzafunidwa mavuto ntchito ndi malipiro apamwamba. Makamaka mu 1892 15,000 Anthuwa ankachitika skirmish, amene anali kuponderezedwa mwankhanza ndi boma. N'zosadabwitsa kuti March 1917, chisankho inachitika ku Donetsk Soviet wa anyabasa 'ziwanga, ndi zinthuzo October mu Petrograd, ndi lodzilamulira thupi anasonyeza kuthandiza boma kutsogoleredwa ndi Vladimir Lenin. Pambuyo pake, mzinda mobwerezabwereza wadutsa kuchokera ku dzanja m'manja ndi yekhayo mu December 1919, anakhala m'gulu la USSR. Ndipo ngakhale ndiye mapu kum'mawa kwa Ukraine, yeniyeni malire a dziko lino ndi RSFSR, ndi maganizo. chakuti mbali yaikulu ya anthu, ndi andale ambiri ndi luntha kuti anakayikira kwambiri kumbali ya Donetsk mu chizindikiro Chiyukireniya.

Stalino

Photos of Donetsk zaka zoyambirira Soviet amasonyeza kuti ngakhale ndiye mzinda anayamba kumanga mwakayakaya. Choncho, izo anadzatchedwa Stalino mu 1924 apo inamangidwa ndi malo nyumba "Standard" chifukwa steelmakers ndi Anthuwa, ndipo mu 1932 yoyamba m'mbiri ya Donetsk mbuye dongosolo Analeredwa. Komabe, zilibe kuganizira kuwonjezeka mofulumira anthu chifukwa kutumidwa amakampani latsopano mafakitale. Choncho, mu 1938, izo kuimaliza kukonza ndi m'gulu malire mzinda za midzi khumi pafupi, polenga Kirov, ndipo chigawo cha Donetsk (Ukraine) Petrovsky Proletarian.

Choncho, ndi chiyambi cha WWII anthu Stalino anali anthu 50,000, pali opareshoni 223 mabizinezi mafakitale, kuphatikizapo wamng'ono kwa Union, amene anapereka 7% ya malasha, 5% zitsulo ndi 11% wa coke wa chiwerengero cha mitundu ya mankhwala opangidwa mu USSR.

Donetsk pa utakhala ndi

Mu July ndi August 1941 mu gulu olimbanawo ndi mgodi wa 383rd Division unakhazikitsidwa amene ankachita nawo mfundo zake. Komabe, kumapeto kwa October mu Stalino zikuphatikizapo mapangidwe a Wehrmacht ndi wa asilikali Italy. Choncho, monga ena a Ukraine, Donetsk anali wotanganidwa. "Akuluakulu latsopano," chinthu choyamba mofulumira kubwezeretsa migodi ndi mafakitale mabungwe ang'onoang'ono, mankhwala amene anali ofunika kuti apambane pa nkhondo. Pa yomweyo, dziko la Germany bungwe ghetto kwa Ayuda, amene kenako anawonongedwa ndipo anaponyedwa m'dzenje 4-4 bis ndi kundende ina ya Soviet akaidi a nkhondo. Komanso opareshoni squads imfa anafuna kubisa zosonyeza kusamvera mphamvu ankalamulira ankakakamiza. Makamaka amadziwika kuti nkhani ya kuphedwa kwa msilikali German analamulidwa kuwombera pansi 100 pakati pa nzika, mosasamala kanthu za jenda ndi zaka. Komabe, zinthu zoterozo musataye kuti zotsatira, zomwe ndi kuchita masamu pa Nazi ndi Stalino opaleshoni oposa 20 zigawenga mayunitsi ndi magulu zonyoza zimayenda, kuchititsa zimaononga mdani.

Stalino kumasulidwa ndi zaka positi-nkhondo

September 8, 1943 monga mbali ya Donbas opareshoni, asilikali a Soviet analowa mumzindawo. Choncho inatha ntchito Stalino, umene unatha pafupifupi 700 masiku. Nthawi yomweyo anayamba ntchito kuti adzathe kukhazikitsa makampani, amene wakhala nthawizonse amanyadira Donetsk. Mbiri ya mzinda wa zaka kudza zonse zochitika zosangalatsa, makamaka zokhudzana ndi kutumidwa ndi mabomba latsopano, mafakitale ndi malo omwe anthu amakhalako.

Mu 1961 anaganiza kusintha dzina la mzinda. Malinga ndi zochita za Supreme Council, anali kudziŵika kuti Donetsk, pa dzina la mtsinje Seversky Donets. Pambuyo pa zaka 17, mzindawu wakhala kuposa miliyoni okhala, ndi wachisanu waukulu mu dziko. Lasintha kwambiri ndi mapu a Donetsk, komwe nyumba zina zatsopano zigawo.

Mbiri ya mzinda monga gawo la palokha Ukraine

Utatha wa Soviet Union mu 1991 m'chigawo Donetsk kwa nthawi yoyamba analankhula za mapangidwe kudziyimira pawokha. Komabe, mu Kiev linavomereza Mfundo za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Anthu Ukraine anatsimikizira Chirasha anthu m'derali, kukakamiza kuyiwala za apilo mtundu, nthawi anamva kwa Kiev. Choncho, mpaka 2014 mu Donetsk ndi Donetsk dera mapu, kapena m'malo malire kum'mawa Ukraine ndi Russia, wofanana monga masiku a USSR.

Monga mbali ya DNI

Ziwawa inayamba wotchuka euromaidan zochitika mu Kiev. Donetsk mu chithunzi anatengedwa mu nthawi kuyambira m'ma March kuti mapeto a April 2014, mudzaona zikwizikwi zionetsero amene anachita nawo zionetsero ndi zimene akuluakulu Kiev ndi kuikidwa kwa abwanamkubwa atsopano a zigawo. Makamaka, pa April 6, anthu anagwira kumanga Council Regional a anthu akuluakulu, ndiponso tsiku lotsatira mu adzitengere ulamuliro wa atolankhani dziko anali Ukraine. Donetsk anakhala likulu la Donetsk Republic wodzitcha anthu. Komanso, tsiku lomwelo anaikidwa tsiku la referendum zimene anthu anali kuyankha funso kukhalanso wa DNI. Pomaliza, chifuniro cha ambiri okhala May 12 Republic Donetsk mwayekha Donetsk Anthu unali kulengezedwa. Pambuyo ntchito asilikali yokhudza zimagalimoto ndi zida zankhondo. Makamaka, mzindawo unakhala zonse shelled, ndege kwake chithunzithunzi cha kumenyana katundu, ndi mapu a kum'mawa Ukraine anayamba kuoneka pa TV ndi zizindikiro zikusonyeza malo ozimitsa mwansanga Donbass Chiyukireniya ankhondo ndi chitetezo mphamvu.

Lero, mu zigawo kummawa kwa Ukraine amachita ceasefire, ndipo tikuyembekeza kuti anthu a Donetsk ndi DNI lonse potsiriza kubwerera kwa munthu wamba.