Kumasulidwa kwa Kharkov kwa adani lopondereza

Nkhondo ya Kharkov anali kumveka ndi ofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito bwino asilikali Soviet pa za Kursk lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi. Last wamphamvu German pofuna counterattack alephereke, ndi ntchito tsopano anali mu amasulidwe oyambirira zigawo mafakitale Ukraine, angathe kupereka kwambiri kutsogolo.

ntchito ntchito

Tiponye Kharkov anali kutsogolo kwa mavuto ambiri. Zofunika kwambiri tinganene kuti chilengedwe cha m'munsi yomasulira zina la Kumanzere-Bank Ukraine ambiri ndipo makamaka Donbass mafakitale (panali mwayi za matenda pambali). Komanso, ayenera kutenga zoyendera zomangamanga wa mzinda (pali ndege airfield ndege fakitale), ndipo potsiriza kusiya anayesa zina Nazi kauntala-kuukira kugonjetsedwa wa Kharkov gulu (lalikulu kukula ndi nyonga).

Chifukwa Kharkov?

Pa nkhani imeneyi, mzindawu sankalemekeza kwambiri? Yankho lagona mu mbiri ya Kharkov, umene kuyambira XVIII atumwi anali malo yaikulu ya moyo zachuma ndi chikhalidwe Sloboda Ukraine. Kale mu zaka za m'ma XIX m'tauni njanji kulankhulana ndi Moscow. Zinali pano mu 1805 anatsegula choyamba mu Ukraine, panopa University za masiku ano (Medieval Academy ndi University of Lviv mu dongosolo alibe kuwerenga), ndiyeno Institute Polytechnic.

Mu nthawi chisanadze nkhondo Kharkov ameja malo zomangamanga, kunapatsa 40% ya mankhwala a makampani ku Ukraine, ndi 5% - m'dziko lonselo. Chotero, panali sayansi ndi luso kuthekera.

Panali zifukwa maganizo. Inachitika mu Kharkov Congress la Soviet Union, analengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chiyukireniya Republic Soviet mu December 1917. Mpaka 1934, mzindawo unali likulu boma cha SSR Chiyukireniya (umaimira "Chiyukireniya Soviet Socialist Republic" osati monga amakonda boomers mwanayo, pali kusiyana mu achidule mu chinenero Chiyukireniya).

Background

Ndi German ndipo Soviet mbali mwangwiro tanthauzo la mawu a Kharkov. Choncho, tsogolo la mzinda panthawi ya nkhondo panali zovuta. Kumasulidwa kwa Kharkov mu 1943 - kale nkhondo chachinayi mumzindawo. Kodi zonse zachitika? Pa izi ndi Tikambirana zina.

24-25 October 1941 Nazi yogwiritsa ntchito Kharkov anapangidwa. Ndi kuwapha zochepa - anakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira za kugonjetsedwa posachedwapa kwa chilengedwe ndi pafupi Kiev ndi Uman kukatentha, kumene zomvetsa Soviet ankatengedwa mu masauzande. Chinthu chokha chimene chatsalira ku mzinda zinali mabomba wailesi womwe (ena mabomba wotsatira anasonyeza bwino), ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri zida mafakitale anakwanitsa kuchotsa kapena kuwononga.

Koma m'chaka mochedwa 1942, lamulo Soviet anapanga pofuna kumvanso mzinda. Nagonjetsa anali bwino anakonza (pakalibe nkhokwe nkhondowo-wokonzeka), ndipo mzindawo anapitiriza pansi pa ulamuliro wa Red Army kwa masiku angapo. opaleshoni umayambira 12 mpaka 29 May ndipo idatha gulu lalikulu ozungulira asilikali Soviet ndi kugonja wawo wonse.

Ulendo wachitatu anapanga zinthu zinkawayendera bwino. Ngakhale pa Nkhondo ya Stalingrad wa Southwestern Front anayamba ntchito tiponye Donbass. Pambuyo agonje kwa magulu Paulo pa amanyansidwa zinasuntha Voronezh Front. Mu February anatenga gawo Kursk ndi Belgorod, ndi 16 la analanda Kharkov.

Ndi zolinga ndi maganizo ntchito zikuluzikulu counteroffensive ( "Citadel", amene anadza pa mathero pa Kursk lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi), boma la Germany sankalola imfa ya amenewa yofunika zoyendera likulu, monga Kharkov. March 15, 1943 ndi magulu awiri SS (ndipo sindikuganiza kuti iwo ali yekha Ayuda anakhoza kuwombera ndi kuwotcha Katyn - SS anali ochepa m'khamu la Hitler) mzindawo womwenso analandidwa.

Ngati mdani si ndikupereka ...

Koma mu July, Hitler potsimikizira-amanyansidwa dongosolo analephera; Soviet lamulo anali kumanga bwino. Tiponye Kharkov amaziona ngati kwambiri posachedwapa isanathe Nkhondo ya Kursk. Pokonzekera kuti adziwitse amasulidwe Kharkov funso waukulu: kaya achite opareshoni pa chilengedwe kapena kuwonongedwa kwa mdani?

Anaganiza kuti akanthe pa chiwonongeko - chilengedwe zinkafuna nthawi yambiri. Inde, anakwanitsa kwakukuru pa Stalingrad, koma patsogolo mu njira ya nkhondo mseru wa Red Army kamodzinso anayamba yekha kumayambiriro 1944, pamene Nkhondo ya Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pomenyana Kharkov, Soviet lamulo ngakhale mwadala anasiya "kulowera" kutuluka asilikali Nazi - kutsiriza iwo kumunda anali chosavuta.

Apa lero - wapita mawa

M'chaka cha 1943 pankhondo ya Kursk anali anazindikira, ndipo wina chidwi njira kusankhidwa, omwe anakhala ngati "Chip" wa Red Army. Amakhala kutsatira ndi zodabwitsa mokwanira amphamvu mu malo osiyana m'malo gawo yaitali kutsogolo. Chifukwa cha mdani anakakamizika mwaphuma kutaya nkhokwe zawo pa mtunda wautali. Koma iye analibe nthawi kuchita izo, kuukira anali mu malo osiyana, ndi kumenyana pa chikhalidwe yaitali motero mu chigawo choyamba.

Kotero izo zinali mu Nkhondo ya Kharkov. Ntchito ya asilikali Soviet mu Donbas ndi kumpoto kwenikweni kwa Kursk lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi anakankha Nazi kusamutsa mphamvu ku Kharkov. Kodi patsogolo.

mphamvu za zipani

Kumbali Soviet anachita asilikali Voronezh Front (Commander - Army General Vatutin) ndi steppe (mtsogoleri - msilikali-General Konev) amadzibisa. Lamulo a mwambo wa kukonzanso subordination mbali ya kutsogolo wina ndi mzake kuti ntchito zambiri zomveka. Mgwirizanowu pa Kharkov, Donetsk ndi Orel malangizo ndi kulamulira Vasilevsky.

Mu ankhondo a amadzibisa izo anali 5 alonda makamu (kuphatikizapo 2 thanki) ndi Air Force. Izi zimaonetsera kufunika Ufumuyo ntchito. Pa gawo kutsogolo anakonzedwera yojambula analenga ndende unprecedentedly mkulu ndi luso zida zankhondo, amene mwamsanga kulandira mfuti zina, mfuti kudziletsa injini ndi thanki T-34 ndi RB-1. Komanso anaponyedwa m'dera amanyansidwa zida zankhondo Corps wa Bryansk Front. 2 Army anali limaitana malo.

Ku German chitetezo dzanja unachitikira asilikali oyenda akasinja, ndi 14 oyenda ndi 4 magulu thanki. Patapita chiyambi cha ntchito Anazi yomweyo umasamutsidwa ku malo a zolimba ake ndi Bryansk Front ndi Mius. Pakati reinforcements awa anali ngati zidutswa odziwika bwino monga "Totenkompf", "Viking", "Das Ulamuliro wa Nazi." Kuyambira atsogoleri, ndi zochitika zokhudza nkhondo padziko Kharkov Hitler, amadziwika kuti Manstein.

Commander akale

Mbali yaikulu ya Kharkov njira opareshoni - kwenikweni Belgorod-Kharkov amanyansidwa ntchito - walandira malamulo dzina - ". Opaleshoni Rumyantsev" Pa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo Soviet Union anakana miyambo ambiri distancing kale kotheratu kwa "ufumu" yakale dziko. Tsopano mu mbiri Russian kuyang'ana nkhani zomwe kuuzira anthu kulimbana ndi kupambana. Dzina ntchito kuti amasule Kharkov - m'dera limeneli. choncho si yekha - opareshoni pa kumasulidwa kwa Belarus chikudziwika ngati "Bagration", ndipo atatsala pang'ono zochitika za Kharkov pa nsonga ya kumpoto Kursk lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi "Opaleshoni Kutuzov" zinachitikadi.

Kutumiza kwa Kharkov!

Izo zikumveka bwino, koma kuchita zimenezi zinali zosatheka. Dongosolo anaitana koyamba chivundikiro mzinda mayunitsi patsogolo, mwina amasule m'madera ambiri kum'mwera ndi kumpoto cha Kharkov, kenako mumpanda womwe kale unali likulu la Ukraine.

Dzina "Rumyantsev" umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbali yaikulu ya opaleshoni - Impact leni pa Kharkov. Belgorod-Kharkov anayamba ntchito August 3, 1943, ndi kale tsiku lomwelo 2 Hitler panzer magulu anali "mphika" pansi Tomarovka. 5 kutsogolo gawo steppe kulimbana m'gulu Belgorod. Chifukwa tsiku lomwelo magulu ankhondo Bryansk Front anali otanganidwa Mphungu, anafotokoza awiri kupambana makombola mu Moscow. Icho chinali choyamba chigonjetso sawatcha pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo.

August 6 ntchito "Rumyantsev" anali pachimake, ndi akasinja Soviet anatsirizira kuthetseratu mdani mu Tomarovskaya kukatentha ndipo anasamukira Zolochev. mzinda iwo anadza usiku, ndipo anali theka nkhondo. The akasinja anali chete, ndi nyali kutali. Pamene mitengo mu tauni tulo, iwo anatembenuka ndi cholizira iwo liwiro zonse, anadabwa kuukira kutumikira bwino Belgorod-Kharkov ntchito. Kuphunzira Komanso wa Kharkiv anapitiriza patsogolo pa Bogoduhov ndi chiyambi cha nkhondo chifukwa Akhtyrka.

Pa yomweyo mbali ya amadzibisa Kumwera ndi South-Western unkatchedwa tiponye Donbas, patsogolo kwa Voronezh Front. Iwo saloledwa kusamutsa pansi Anazi Kharkiv reinforcements. August 10 inalandidwa ndi njanji Kharkov - Poltava. A Nazi anafuna counterattack m'dera Bogodukhov ndi Akhtyrka (nawo kirimu wa SS), koma zotsatira zake zinali potsimikizira-pomenyana machenjerero - kuletsa pasadakhale Soviet, iwo sakanakhoza.

kachiwiri wofiira

August 13 German mzere chitetezo linathyoka mwachindunji Kharkov. Patapita masiku atatu mkanganowo kale kunja kwa mzinda wa mzinda, koma asilikali a Soviet anasamukira patsogolo osati mofulumira ngati tikufuna - chitetezo German anali amphamvu kwambiri. Komanso, nagonjetsa wa Voronezh Front anachedwa chifukwa zochitika pa Akhtyrka. Koma 21 kutsogolo adapitiriza nagonjetsa, akugonjetsa Akhtyrsky gulu, ndi 22, a ku Germany anayamba pochoka Kharkov ziwaloziwalo.

Tsiku nduna za ufulu wa Kharkov - August 23, pamene asilikali Soviet anatenga ulamuliro wa mbali yaikulu ya mzinda. Komabe crackdown osiyana magulu mdani ndi kuchotsa mabusa wake mpaka tsiku 30. Complete anamasulidwa Kharkov kwa adani lopondereza zinachitika pa tsiku limenelo. Pa 30 August, mzinda bungwe chikondwelero likuchita. Mmodzi mwa alendo ulemu anali tsogolo ambiri mlembi N. S. Hruschev.

kumasulidwa ngwazi

Popeza Kharkov ntchito Ufumuyo zofunika kwambiri boma sanachite stint pa mphoto kwa gulu. magawo angapo monga mutu aulemu Ufumuyo maina awo mawu "Belgorod" ndi "Kharkiv". Asilikali ndi akuluakulu a mphoto boma anagawanika. Koma apa iye Kharkiv mutu Hero City sanali kupereka. Iwo amati, Stalin anasankha kuti chifukwa chakuti potsiriza kumasula mzindawo unali okha pofuna chachinayi.

183rd oyenda Division ali ndi ufulu mutu wa "kawiri-Kharkov". Zinali asilikali a Chigawo choyamba ichi analowa waukulu mzinda lalikulu (izo. Dzerzhinsky), ndipo pa February 16 August 23, 1943.

Kwambiri akuwonetseredwa okha nkhondo Kharkov Soviet Stormoviks "Petlyakov" ndi lodziwika bwino thanki T-34. Komabe - anapanga, kuphatikizapo akatswiri a Kharkov thalakitala Bzalani! Anasamutsidwa kuti Chelyabinsk, timangobzala mu 1943 anayamba kuŵeta ya akasinja (tsopano - ndi Chelyabinsk thalakitala Bzalani).

kukumbukira wosatha

Nkhondo popanda imfa sizichitika, ndi mbiri yakale imatsimikiza Kharkov. mzinda anali wachisoni utsogoleri pa nkhani imeneyi. zomvetsa Soviet pansi mzinda kunali kwambiri mu lonse Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Kumene, iwo anamvetsa kuti chiwerengero chonse cha nkhondo zonse zinayi. Kumasulidwa kwa mzinda ndi madera ozungulira ofunika kwambiri kuposa 71 chikwi. Akhalamo.

Koma Kharkov anapulumuka, ndi omangirika nthawi yaitali anali kugwira ntchito ndi manja ndi mutu kwa ku Mama wamba lalikulu ... Ndipo tsopano mzinda akadali nawo mwayi ...