Zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa bizinesi

Kwambiri kuti kamvedwe ka chodabwitsa cha moyo chikhalidwe zizindikiro ake. Bizinesi - dongosolo ubale chuma zochokera ulamuliro wa chuma payekha, free bizinesi komanso phindu zochokera. Nthawi yomweyo ayenera kutchula kuti lingaliro ili ndi dzina kokha zilizonse, monga dziko lililonse dziko palibe dongosolo chotero mu maonekedwe ake kopambana.

Zikamera ndi maganizo

Santhulani mbali kutukula Tikaona m'mbiri kuthandiza zizindikiro. Bizinesi - amenewa wakhala akufunafuna mwakhama ntchito kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zana la 19. Kwa nthawi yoyamba icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu France, ndiye German ndipo English olemba anayambitsa mu makope sayansi.

Choona chidwi ndi kuti pachiyambi iye anali kufunika negative. Asayansi, olemba liwu maganizo ofooketsa cha ulamuliro wa zachuma, amene ankachitika mu m'mayiko olemera European, pakati pa zana lino. Makamaka oimira yogwira ntchito mfundo imeneyi lamadyerero (Marx, Lenin, ndi ena).

chiphunzitso Market ndi nkhondo kalasi

Nalo mbali ya chitukuko zachuma ndi malonda kuthandiza matenda awo. Bizinesi - dongosolo zochokera kugwira ntchito yaulere ya msika, amene akutumikira monga m'bwalomo a nkhondo pakati kalasi antchito ndi eni. Choyamba funani wokwera kuposa kugulitsa mphamvu zake, wachiwiri - ndi otchipa. Komanso, ndi msika waukulu mu mfundo za malonda, popanda zomwe n'zosatheka kulingalira kuli dongosolo capitalist. The chachiwiri chofunika mbali ya dongosolo - ndi ndende ya njira ya ulimi mu manja a makalasi chapamwamba ndi kuteteza ogwira ntchito kwa proletariat lapansi.

Pakati pa magulu awiri awa ndi akumenya mosalekeza ntchito ndi mtengo. Apa tikutengegeredwa ku kalasi kulimbana, zomwe m'mayiko ambiri kwachititsa kusintha. Komabe, kuchita limasonyeza kuti dongosolo capitalist ndi abwino kwambiri kugwira ntchito yachibadwa ya boma, ndipo ali kuyambira pa chiyambi cha penipeni, yafalikira mofulumira ndithu padziko lonse, nalanda pafupifupi muzochitika zones za moyo, kuphatikizapo ndale ndi chikhalidwe. Zonsezi kulingana ndi nkhani za dongosolo n'kopanda ndi ziphunzitso ochiritsira wa Marx, amene odzipereka nkhani mmodzi mwa monographs ake lalikulu.

Lingaliro la mwakhama Protestant

Kumvetsa zimayambitsa umenewu wa mbiri Western kuthandiza zizindikiro. Bizinesi - si wapadera mtundu wa gulu la ulimi, komanso njira yeniyeni kukonza anthu. Amaona ngati gawo la mbiri chuma wotchuka German wasayansi ndi Katswiri Weber.

Mosiyana Marx, iye ankakhulupirira kuti dongosolo ndi khalidwe chabe la mayiko Western European. Malinga ndi iye, adanyamuka limati kumene anakhazikitsa Chiprotestanti, kumene anthu a mwambo chilango ntchito, digiri yapamwamba ya gulu la chikhalidwe, komanso kufunafuna phindu komanso ndalama. Iye ananena kuti zizindikiro zotsatirazi chitukuko cha bizinesi: mpikisano wa opanga, msika wogwira ntchito yogwira likulu mu malonda, kufunafuna phindu maximization. Ndipo ngati Marx ankakhulupirira kuti njira imeneyi osati bwanji, komanso Mzimuyo malamulo a maiko, ndi Weber anasiyanitsa awiriwa dera pagulu, ngakhale kuti anavomereza kuti anali kukumana pafupi ndi mzake.

za luso

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa bizinesi akhala chinthu kuphunzira kudziwika wasayansi ndale ndi Katswiri Schumpeter. Iye anazindikira zotsatirazi mbali ya dongosolo: msika wogwira ntchito za bizinesi komanso ulamuliro wa chuma payekha. Komabe, mosiyana ndi alembi amenewa, Economist allocated zoterezi Mbali yofunika kupanga capitalist monga luso. Mu maganizo ake, anali oyamba a zaluso anakhudza chitukuko mofulumira chuma.

Choncho Schumpeter zofunika kwambiri amamangiriridwa kukongoza, amene amathandiza amalonda mwayi kuti atchule umisiri wamakono ndipo potero bwino ndi dzuwa la kupanga. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti njira kuonetsetsa zinthu umoyo wa anthu ndi ufulu wa nzika, koma tsogolo la dongosolo ndinawona mu kuwala kwa sizikuyenda bwino, kukhulupirira kuti pa nthawi yatha yake.

Zikamera wa manufactories

Mmodzi wa preconditions zazikulu kusintha kuchokera mode ang'onoang'ono kupanga kwa capitalist anali kuchoka ku dongosolo lakale munalidi gulu ndi kusintha kugawira ntchito. Ndi mu kusintha zofunika ayenera kupeza yankho ku funso chifukwa zikamera wa manufactories amaona chizindikiro cha kubadwa bizinesi a.

Ndipotu chikhalidwe chachikulu kukhalapo ndi uziyenda bwino malonda ndi ntchito kwambiri ntchito aganyo. M'zaka za m'ma 14 ku European opanga mizinda yambiri anasiya kuika chikhalidwe journeymen ndipo anayamba kukopa anthu mu masitolo awo okhazikika mu luso makamaka. Choncho ananyamuka msika ntchito, limene, mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo Marx, ali mbali yaikulu ya dongosolo capitalist.

Mitundu makampani

M'mayiko European kumadzulo, panali zosiyanasiyana mafakitale, zimene zikusonyeza kukula mofulumira ndi kumayambiriro kwa mode latsopano kupanga. Analysis vuto (chifukwa zikamera wa manufactures ndi chizindikiro cha kubadwa kwa bizinesi) kumatithandiza kuzindikira njira ya vuto la zachuma. Eni mabizinesi anamwazikana anagawira zipangizo ogwira ntchito panyumba, ndiye, kale ankachita, izo analandira osema akatswiri amene, ndi kupanga zingwe zopota za, nkhani anapereka zotsatirazi opanga. Popeza ntchito chidachitika ndi chiwerengero cha anthu amene anadutsa unyolo wa katundu chopangidwa. Mu manufactory centralized anthu ntchito muchipinda chimodzi, ntchito luso. Izi osiyanasiyana makampani kuonetsera mlingo mkulu wa chitukuko cha ulimi capitalist pa dziko lapansi.

Kukwera sayansi

Zizindikiro za kuwuka kwa bizinesi kugwirizana ndi peculiarities wa chuma European, amene anayamba m'banda kusintha kuti kusinthanitsa chifukwa chitukuko m'matauni ndi kulenga misika. Inalimbikitsidwa zatsopano chitukuko cha akafuna capitalist kupanga anali oyamba a umisiri watsopano. Izi zinabweretsa chuma ku gawo lina. Kugwiritsa ntchito makina m'mafakitale analola amalonda kuonjezera malonda mankhwala. Njira m'munda wa sayansi kwachititsa kuti chilengedwe cha mankhwala aakulu m'banja wakhala mtengo, chifukwa antchito tsopano mu malo mabizinezi ntchito makina.

Chofunika kwambiri anali atayamba injini nthunzi, magetsi, ndi kumanga njanji. Kupezeka ndi chitukuko cha madipoziti latsopano mchere unabala mofulumira makampani olemera ndi zitsulo. kusintha zasintha nkhope ya mzinda wa mayiko West European komanso Russia, komwe anayamba chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom anayamba kukula mofulumira mafakitale. Choncho zizindikiro za bizinesi m'zaka 19 anatsimikiza oyamba a sayansi mu ulimi.

Zikamera owona

Pa gawo loyamba la chitukuko cha mabungwe capitalist kupanga akhala olekanitsidwa ndi sing'anga kukula. The lonse kupanga awo sanali lonse, kotero amalonda akhoza payekha bizinezi zawo. M'zaka za m'ma 19 dongosolo walowa gawo latsopano chitukuko. Voliyumu ya ulimi chawonjezeka kwambiri, fakitare kukodzedwa, chifukwa mu kufunika kwa khama anzake a amalonda. Zochokera pamwamba tikhoza kudziwa zizindikiro za okhawo bizinesi: ndende ya ulimi, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zomera, zikamera lalikulu, makampani mzinda mwakayakaya.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma udindo waukulu nyimbo ndi makampani lolemera: luso lopanga, zitsulo, mafuta ndi ena. Childs, kuphatikiza ndi zinapezeka makampani iliyonse imene anali kucheza ndi anthu otero, cartels ndi syndicates. Mu lingaliro loyamba bwino mgwirizano wa mabizinezi angapo palokha kuti kugwirizana pakati pawo mtengo wa katundu, malonda ndi misika kuumba. Liwu lachiwiri zikutanthauza digiri apamwamba monopolization imene olimba, pokhalabe ufulu malamulo ndi zachuma, bungwe malonda ofesi umodzi wa mankhwala ake.

mitundu Major amakampani

Zizindikiro za okhawo bizinesi amatithandiza kudziwa zimene zinali mbali ya gawo latsopano la chitukuko cha dongosolo lino. Mawonekedwe apamwamba a gulu la mafakitale ndi makampani othandiza anaona adalira ndi nkhawa. Mabungwe yoyamba ichitikire ndikukhazikitsa malonda osati kokha, komanso kupanga ndi imvera kasamalidwe wogwirizana, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kusunga ndalama zawozawo. Adalira analenga makampani wina ndi yomweyo kutenga udindo waukulu. Mawonekedwe zapamwamba kwambiri za kucheza ankaona nkhawa. Iwo anapanga m'mafakitale moyandikana ndi kukhala ndi ndalama wamba.

Merging likulu amapereka mofulumira ndi zosavuta kusakanikirana, mosiyana ndi njira ya pamwamba. Zizindikiro za bizinesi ku zana la 20 limasonyeza chitukuko cha dongosolo chifukwa kulowa kwake mu msinkhu wina ndi apamwamba a chitukuko, amene anapereka asayansi mwayi wolankhula za gawo amanyansidwa wa utsamunda, amene amakhala ndi pophatikizana a mabanki ndi kupanga.