"History" a Herodotus: The woyamba maphunziro a sayansi History

"History" a Herodotus - wotchuka Greek wasayansi ndi wapaulendo - imatengedwa kuti yoyamba sayansi ntchito zakale. Anasonkhana maulendo ake zinthu zochuluka pa chiyambi, madera, nthano, moyo ndi zikhalidwe za anthu osiyanasiyana, iye analemba ntchito achikhazikitso, omwe lero ndi umodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu m'mbiri yakale. Yolondola ambiri mfundo kwapatsidwa mwa wolemba Greek wa naini pa tsamba ya ntchito, wakhala mobwerezabwereza anatsimikizira zinthu zakale Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe, ndi geographers mibadwo ina.

The akalambula a Herodotus: logographs

Zikuoneka kuti zikamera wa mbiri sayansi chinachitika anthu akale. Izi zisanachitike, anthu komanso anayesera njira zosiyanasiyana kufotokoza zinthu zimene zinachitika kale (zitsanzo mndandanda wa mabuku a m'Baibulo, mbiri zosiyanasiyana ndi mbiri). ntchito izi, anenedwa ndi sayansi ntchito zakale, otchedwa "historiography".

Kale lidalembedwa "m'mbiri" Herodotus, akale Greek prose mbiri anayimiridwa mwa ntchito za logograph - olemba, Chili ulaliki wa zochitika zenizeni ndi nkhambakamwa, nthano ndi kufotokozera Hrs malo, yemwe amachitika izo. logograph Choyamba ankaganiza Cadmus wa Mileto, amene anakhalako m'zaka za m'ma VI BC. Lero sayansi amadziwa maina a Hecataeus wa Mileto, Akusilaya Argos, Charon wa Lampsacus, Xanthus wa Lydia.

Ntchito za alembi amenewa anali achilendo luso. Ngakhale kuti inalembedwa prose, iwo kupulumutsa zambiri imitations wa kulankhula Greek ndakatulo. Magwero kwa logograph anali ochokera epic ndi ndakatulo mbiri m'dera ndi mbiri ndi kuyang'anila zawo, komanso nkhani ya apaulendo, amalonda, amalinyero amene ankabwera masana lakutali. Mumve anapanga anadalira logographs anali zolakwika kwambiri, koma iwo anali woyamba ntchito za zochitika mndandanda mbiri ya mafumu ndi akuluakulu, anayambitsa mfundo ya "zaka", wofanana zaka zana kapena zitatu "mibadwo". Powasamalira kwambiri nthano ndi mibadwo, iwo ali nawo kuchipatala ndi chuma chambiri mbiri, kwambiri chinakula m'njira zosiyanasiyana ethnological komanso malo. Komabe, chinthu chachikulu kwa iwo akali kufufuza choonadi mbiri ndi luso la mawu apakamwa, kotero ntchito logograph amaona sanali sayansi, ndi Nkhani zopeka.

Herodotus: yonena

Ntchito yoyamba imene akuti ndi mbiri, analenga wasayansi Greek ndi nzeru zapamwamba Herodotus. History wateteza zambiri osati kwambiri za mbiri ya munthu wamkulu uyu.

Nyengo ya moyo wake akuti ndi 484 (5) - 425 zaka BC. Iye anabadwa mu mzinda Doric wa Halicarnassus (kumadzulo kwa Asia Minor) mu banja wolemera ndi wolemekezeka. Mu ubwana wake, iye anachita nawo nkhondo ndale za apamwamba ndi wolamulira wankhanza-, kodi si bwino uyu pamodzi ndi ena ambiri anakakamizika kupita ku ukapolo.

Poyamba, Herodotus anakakhala pachilumba cha ku Samo - mmodzi wa otchuka ndi olemera zilumba Ionian kulamulira lonse kumadzulo mbali ya nyanja ya Mediterranean. Nzeru ndi ophunzira mnyamata Posakhalitsa ndinadziwa mbiriyakale, chinenero, boma la dziko lino ndipo tikhoza kukhala pa Samo moyo - koma anasankha kupita kuyenda zina.

kuyenda Herodotus

madongosolo anali kulemba mbiri ya Herodotus Chigiriki Persian nkhondo. Iye ankafuna kuti tidziwe zinsinsi za magulu ankhondo Persian - kumvetsa ndendende momwe Mipikisano mitundu ndi Mipikisano lingual makamu amatha kulankhula bwino. Pofuna kudziwa chimene inu simukudziwa ndi zimene sananene asayansi ena, iye anali ndi nthawi yambiri anakhala mu woyendayenda - kuonera, kuganiza, amasimba kulankhulana ndi anthu.

Poyamba iye anapita ku Cyprus ndi Turo, kumene analankhula ndi ansembe, ndipo kenako anayenda kum'mwera - mu Gaza Mzere, amene anapita ku Iguputo. Kutsika Nile ku Siena, anapanga njira yake pa Nyanja Yofiira, kuona, kumva, ndi kuona ndi maso anu mmene ndingathere za dziko - Ndipotu anafuna kuti Herodotus.

Nkhani maulendo ake anapitiriza East: wasayansi wagonjetsedwa ndi kutali Libya kwa Asuri, Babulo ndi Ecbatana. Kenako anabwerera ku Asia Minor, zina lamanja pa Helesipotale, ndi dziko la kumpoto Black Sea gombe, amene anapita ku Olbia - njuchi Mileto. Ndinkamuchezera Herodotus ndi mizinda Greek mu Balkans. maulendo ake, watsimikizira mayina a anthu amene anaona malo amenewo. Mu 444 BC iye anapita ku Olympic ku Athens, kumene kuwerenga poyera ntchito zawo. Pa ichi iye analandira kuchokera kwa Agriki malipiro aakulu nthawi imeneyo - nazo ndalama khumi (pafupifupi makilogalamu ya golide).

Zitachitika izi, adatenga mbali mu woyamba madera Greek mu Furiyah. Chidwi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu anayamba kutsatira odzipereka a boma yawo, adatenga unzika ndi anapitiriza kukhala njuchi. Ndi mu Furiyah penapake pakati pa zaka 430-425 BC, nafa, kusiya chimodzi chokha, koma ntchito yaikulu ndi woyamba wasayansi-mbiri kudziwika kwa anthu - Herodotus.

"History": Mwachidule

The zotsatira za ntchito zawo wasayansi amaphatikizidwa mu lina atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena, zinalembedwa mu moyo mumangidwa chinenero, zokongola, natsimikiza wolemba anatisonyeza mlingo wa luso luso polemba chinenero nkhani. kulenga ntchito pamene ofufuza anapeza pafupifupi yekha, pakati pa zaka 427-421 BC.

"History" a Herodotus mu mawonekedwe zomwe ife tikudziwira izo lero, wapangidwa ndi mabuku asanu ndi anayi (yokhala) Boma umodzi. Aliyense Buku lotchedwa pambuyo mmodzi wa Greek Muses. Gulu la malemba a bukhu chinachitika chifukwa cha ntchito malamulo Alexandria processing. Chiyambi kakunena za dzina la wolemba ntchito ndi kuwulula cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito yake.

The kulemba Herodotus limatiuza za nkhondo ndi zikhalidwe za anthu akale Agiriki ndi Persian. Lili zambiri zokhudza mbiri ya mayiko a wakale (Lydia, Media, Aigupto, Perisiya, Scythia), ubwenzi wawo ndi Ahelene ndi wina ndi mzake. Yonseyi za zochitika ndi maganizo ake pa pamwamba, 'tate wa mbiri "Herodotus sanasangalale otsutsa wambili anadalira analemba za ntchito yake, komanso mfundo systematized. Pofotokoza ambiri m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso anthropological asides choyamba ntchito anaona anapanga yekha.

"History" a Herodotus: phindu

Labor Herodotus otchedwa osokoneza maganizo a anthu amene amatsatira mapazi ake, kupitiriza kukhala sayansi ya mbiri. Ena wotchedwa wolemba lalikulu la "tate wa mbiri", ena ankamunena kunama, kupeza zolakwa ndi zochitika molakwika.

Komabe, ambiri a sayansi imachitika zaka zana limodzi, ndipo - koposa zonse - ndi ofukula zinthu zakale apeza asonyeza kuti ambiri chiweruzo cha Herodotus anafotokoza mu "History", kunapezeka kuti ndi zoona. Lero, ntchito yake ya mtengo wapatali, osati za mbiri yakale, komanso luso, chikhalidwe, lingaliro zolembalemba, Herodotus kumachititsa munthu wa olemba chidwi kwambiri a masiku amakedzana.