Atathana zaka mmene kapolo alimi

Chiyambi malire chaka nthawi amakhulupirira kuti unachitikira ku Russia mu 1597 mkulu wa Tsar Fedor Ivanovich. Komabe, mwambo umenewu anali yoyamba m'mbiri yaitali. Mu Russia, kwa nthawi yaitali malamulo tatchulawa, dongosolo la ubale kugwirizana ndi otchedwa Yuriev tsiku. Chaka chilichonse pa November 26 anali kukondwerera tsiku la Saint George (George), zomwe kunatha zaulimi.

Kale panthawiyo anali anthu wamba amene ankagwira ntchito pa malo awo. Ndipo amene ankagwira ntchito landlords ndi malo ndi zinthu zina kuti inapangidwa kuchokera "timva poryadnymi." Ngati zinthu zonse pangano apangidwa kwa masika wantchito mwina patangotha milungu iwiri ndi tsiku St. George kuti apite kwa wina "bwana." Recent kafukufuku mbiri limasonyeza kuti kale panali otchedwa atathana zaka, alimi ndi mwayi pang'ono kusintha makamu. Izi anali ntchito chifukwa chakuti zikhalidwe za mapangano pakati pa nzika ndi anthu wamba anali prohibitively lalikulu alimi.

Ntchito ndi kulembamo akale anasonyeza kuti kale izo Analeredwa ndi lamulo tatchulawa, alimi sanagwiritse ntchito ufulu wawo kutembenuka. Choncho, mu 1580 mu umodzi wa distilikiti ya Moscow Russia kwa alimi 60 kusintha mwinimunda akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito awiri okha. Koma panali okwanira anthu amene anathawira kwa mbuye wake pofunafuna moyo wabwino.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 16 chiwerengero chawo chinali kuti Analeredwa lamulo muzingochita lamanja la wamba kwa Tsiku St George ndi kuyambitsa zaka ngoletsedwa m'madera ena a Russia. Komanso, anatsimikiza atathana zaka. Iwo anali nthawi imene nzika akhoza mutengeko wamba wothawa eni ena kapena kubwerera kwa anthu amene anachoka iwo akufunira. Poyamba, mawu ndi zaka 5. Mu 1607 izo kuchuluka kwa zaka 15.

Komabe, pa Alimi nkhondo pamene anthu ku ukapolo ndi misa njala anathawa kum'mwera, anapanga magulu ankhondo, anatsutsa boma, zaka atathana sizinachitike kulemekezedwa chifukwa chakuti dziko anali mu mkhalidwe nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Boma anali asintha ndi kuchepetsa nthawi bala kubwerera ku zaka 5.

Mu 40s wa zaka za m'ma atathana 17 inasintha kwa zaka 9, ndipo mu 1642 chinapezeka kuti wamba wothawa amabwezeretsedwa pasanathe zaka 10 ndi kufunika kwa mwini zosiyanasiyana kwa zaka 15. Mu 1649 ndi Romanov mafumu anayesa kuyeretsa dongosolo dziko malamulo, amene amakhala ndi randomness ndi zambiri malamulo zotsutsana. Chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi anali Conciliar code, kuletsa, kuphatikizapo zaka lokhazikika. Chifukwa mu Russia panali serfdom. Posachedwapa, kuwonjezera sungathe kuthawa mwininyumba, ndi osawuka Akadagulitsidw kwa asilikali, anatumizidwa ku Siberia kapena kugwira ntchito yakalavula gaga.

Russia si boma okha amene anadutsa ukapolo. Pafupifupi onse a ku Ulaya ndi machitidwe ofanana kunyumba, ndipo mozungulira icho chinathetsedwa pa nthawi yomweyo (mu dziko lathu - mu 1861). Ulaya wadutsa motere pang'ono kale, Eastern - pang'ono. Ndipo mu Ufumu wa Bhutan serfs analipo mpaka 1956. Ngakhale olemba mbiri ena kuganizira achire wa zitupa antchito a minda gulu la mtundu Soviet za ukapolo.