Byzantium: Mbiri ya kudza ndi kugwa

Ufumu wa Roma, mmodzi wa dongosolo lalikulu wakale boma, mu zaka zoyambirira za nyengo yathu analowa pansi. mafuko ambiri, gawo m'munsi wa chitukuko aononga kwambiri cholowa cha dziko wakale. Koma City wosatha osati akadzafera: izo anatsitsimuka pa magombe a Bosphorus ndi zaka zambiri anadabwa m'nthawi ndi ulemerero wake.

chachiwiri Rome

Mbiri ya zosayembekezereka wa Byzantium amatanthauza cha m'ma III, pamene Mfumu ya Roma anakhala Flaviy Valery Avreliy Konstantin, Constantine I (Wamkulu). Pa nthawi imeneyo boma la Roma chinang'ambika nkhondo mkati ndi woterowu ndi adani awo. Mayendedwe a m'zigawo za kummawa anali kwambiri mwayi, ndi Constantine zokakhala likulu ku umodzi wa iwo. Mu 324, pa gombe la zomangamanga Bosphorus Constantinople inayamba mu 330, iye analengeza ngati Rome latsopano.

Chiyambireni linakhalapo Ufumu wa Byzantine, lomwe lili ndi mbiri ya zaka khumi.

Kumene pafupifupi aliyense malire khola boma sanali anakambirana panthawi imeneyo. Pa moyo wake yaitali, mphamvu ya Constantinople ali wofooka, izo ungatengeso mphamvu.

Justinian ndi Theodora

Mu njira zambiri, mmene zinthu zilili m'dziko pafunika makhalidwe munthu wolamulira wa dzikoli, omwe ambiri khalidwe la limati ndi mafumu mtheradi, amene anali Byzantium. Mbiri ya chitukuko ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi dzina la Mfumu Justinian Ine ndi mkazi wake, Mfumukazi Theodora (527-565.) - akazi zimakhala zodabwitsa kwambiri ndipo zikuoneka kwambiri wamphatso.

Ndi chiyambi cha ufumu V m'ma inasanduka yaing'ono boma Mediterranean, ndipo mfumu yatsopano atanganidwa ndi lingaliro kutsitsimutsa ulemerero poyamba: ndipo anagonjetsa m'magawo akuluakulu mu West, lakwaniritsa mtendere ndi Perisiya East.

Mbiri ya chikhalidwe Byzantine ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi nyengo ya ulamuliro wa Justinian. Ndi kuyamika ndi chisamaliro chake lero pali zipilala a zomangamanga wakale, monga mzikiti Hagia Sofia ku Istanbul, kapena Mpingo wa San Vitale mu Ravenna. Chimodzi mwa zomwe kwambiri lodziwika la mbiri yakale mfumu ndikukhulupirira codification wa Aroma, omwe anakhala maziko a dongosolo la malamulo a mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya.

mores akale

Yomanga ndi wosatha nkhondo chofunika ndalama kwambiri. Mfumu umasinthasintha kwezani misonkho. anthu anali kukula wosakhutira. Mu January 532, pa zosayembekezereka wa mfumu pa Hippodrome (ndi analogue a m'bwalo lalikulu la maseŵera, amene moti ankatha 100 zikwi. Anthu), zachiwawa itayamba, unakula chipolowe zikuluzikulu. Iwo anakwanitsa kupondereza kupanduka zankhanza sikunachitekepo: opandukawo kuumirizidwa kuti kubwera kwa Hippodrome, ngati mmene zokambirana, ndiye zokhoma chipata ndi kupha aliyense.

Prokopiy Kessariysky unafotokoza za imfa ya anthu 30 sauzande. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti korona wa mfumu anali mkazi wake Theodora, iye anali kukhulupirira Justinian okonzeka kuthawa kuti apitirize nkhondo, kuti angafune imfa kuthawa, "wachifumu mphamvu -. Munthu cophimba wokongola"

Mu 565, ufumu kuphatikizanso mbali zina za Suriya, Balkans, Italy, Greece, Palestine, Asia Minor ndi kugombe la kumpoto kwa Africa. Koma nkhondo wosatha bwanji boma la dziko zikuwononga. Atamwalira Justinian malire anayamba ndi kuotcha.

"Chimakedoniya Kubadwa Kwatsopano"

The 867 anayamba kulamulira Vasily Ine, tate wa mafumu Chimakedoniya, omwe analipo mpaka 1054. Izi mbiri yakale nyengo timawutcha "Chimakedoniya Kubadwa Kwatsopano" ndipo ankaona maluwa apamwamba a boma akale a dziko lapansi, amene panthawiyo anali Ufumu wa Byzantium.

Mbiri ya bwino kuwonjezeka chikhalidwe komanso ya chipembedzo ya kum'mawa Roma, lodziwika bwino kwa onse States a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya: chimodzi mwa zinthu kwambiri khalidwe la mfundo yachilendo ya Constantinople anali mmishonale. Ndi chifukwa cha mphamvu ya Ufumu wa Byzantium kufalitsa East ku nthambi ya Chikhristu, amene pambuyo zogawikazo mpingo mu 1054 anakhala ziphunzitso.

European chikhalidwe likulu la dziko

Luso la kum'mawa Roma anali yogwirizana ndi chipembedzo. Mwatsoka, patangodutsa zaka mazana angapo a osankhika andale ndi achipembedzo sizikanati zigwirizane ngati mafano chopatulika cha mafano (gululi ankatchedwa iconoclasm). Mu ndondomeko ya nambala yaikulu ziboliboli, frescoes ndi Zithunzi anawonongedwa.

Kwambiri unkayenera nkhani Ufumu Tirhana Byzantium lonse linakhalapo, anali ngati woyang'anira chikhalidwe wakale ndipo anathandizapo kufala kwa mabuku akale Greek ku Italy. Ena mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti ali makamaka chifukwa kuli Chatsopano Rome linachititsa Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Mu ulamuliro wa mafumu a ku Makedoniya Ufumu wa Byzantine anakwanitsa n'chongoletsa adani ziwiri zikuluzikulu za boma: Aluya kum'mawa, ndi Bulgaria kumpoto. History pa chigonjetso otsiriza ndi kokwanira. Chifukwa cha anadabwa kuukira adani mfumu Basil II anakwanitsa kugwila akaidi 14,000. Iye anauzidwa kuti iwo khungu, kusiya diso limodzi lililonse zana, ndiye tiyeni tipite kwa anthu ziwalo kunyumba. Powona asilikali ake akhungu, Chibugariya Tsar Samuil sitiroko imene moti. Medieval mores analidi kwambiri.

Atamwalira Basil II, kazembe womaliza wa mafumu Chimakedoniya, nkhani ya kugwa kwa Byzantium anayamba.

kuyeserera mochedwa

Mu 1204, Constantinople woyamba anagonja pozunzidwa mwankhanza ya m'daniyo; anakwiya zinalephereka kampeni mu "lolonjezedwa", ndi Akhristu analowa mumzindawo, analengeza kulengedwa kwa Latin Ufumu m'mayiko Byzantine anagawanika pakati barons ndi French.

maphunziro atsopano anakhalako kale July 51 1261 Constantinople popanda kumenyana anatenga Michael VIII Palaeologus, amene analengeza chitsitsimutso cha kum'mawa Roma. Anayambitsanso mafumu Byzantine analamulira mpaka kugwa kwake, koma bolodi zinali wokongola chisoni. Kumapeto kwa mafumu anakhala pa mapepala okhala ku Genoese ndi amalonda Venetian, ndipo ngakhale mwachibadwa mundilanda mpingo ndi chuma payekha.

Kugwa kwa Constantinople

Ndi chiyambi cha ku XIV zana kuchokera m'madera zakale anali kokha Constantinople, Thessaloníki ndi zazing'ono, anamwazikana mizinda kum'mwera Greece. Zoyesayesa wosimidwa wa otsiriza Byzantine mfumu Manuel II tipezekemo thandizo la asilikali ku Ulaya sanali bwino. May 29, 1453, Constantinople anagonjetsedwa ndi kachiwiri lomaliza.

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II anadzatchedwa mzinda Istanbul ndi waukulu Mkhristu kachisi wa mzinda, Cathedral wa St. Sophia anakhala mzikiti. Ndi mofulumira likulu la Ufumu wa Byzantium osaonekanso, ndi mbiri ya boma amphamvu kwambiri akale anasiya kalekale.

Byzantium, Constantinople ndi ku New Rome

Zimenezi chidwi kuti dzina lakuti "Ufumu wa Byzantium" anatuluka pambuyo kugwa kwake: koyamba kumachitika mu Ieronima Volfa kuphunzira kale mu 1557. Mwambowo unali dzina la mzinda wa Byzantium, Constantinople, pa malo omwe anamanga. Anthu amanenela osati monga ufumu wa Roma ndipo iye - Aroma (Romeo).

Chikoka chikhalidwe cha Byzantine Ufumu wa mayiko a ku Ulaya East sitingalephere kukambapo. Komabe, woyamba Russian wasayansi amene anayamba kuphunzira boma akale, anali Yu. A. Kulakovsky. "History of Byzantium" mu mabuku atatu zimaikidwa m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri ndi kuphimba zikuchitikadi 359 a 717 chaka. Mu zaka zingapo zapitazi wa moyo, asayansi okonzeka kufalitsa buku chachinayi cha ntchito, koma pambuyo pa imfa yake zolembedwa kupeza sikunali kotheka mu 1919.