Ziphalaphala zili ... Kuphulika kwa mapiri kukuchitika bwanji? Zochititsa chidwi zokhudzana ndi mapiri

N'zovuta kupeza munthu amene sakanakhala ndi chidwi ndi mapiri. Ambiri a iwo amawerenga mabuku okhudza iwo, kuwona mafelemu ochokera kuphulika ndi mtima wozama pamene akuyamikira mphamvu ndi ulemerero wa zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndikukondwera kuti izi sizikuchitika pambali pawo. Ziphalaphala ndi chinachake chimene chimasiya munthu aliyense wosayanjanitsika. Kotero ndi chiyani icho?

Mapangidwe a phirili

Ziphalaphala zimakhala zochitika zapadera zomwe zimachitika pamene chovalacho chimachokera ku kuya kwa madzi otentha ndi kutuluka pamwamba. Magma imatulutsa ming'alu ndi zolakwika m'mtunda wa pansi. Kumeneko kumatuluka, mapiri otentha amapangidwa. Izi zimachitika pamalire a mbale zopangidwa, zomwe ziphuphu zimachokera chifukwa cha kufalitsa kapena kugunda kwawo. Ndipo mbalewo zimayenda mozungulira pamene chinthu cha msuzi chimasuntha.

Kawirikawiri, mapiri amawoneka ngati mapiri kapena mapiri okongola. Pogwiritsa ntchito kayendetsedwe kake, kayendedwe kabwino kamadziwika bwino kwambiri - njira yomwe magma imatulukira, ndipo chipindacho chimakhala kudandaula pamwamba pomwe chimatuluka. Kondomu yokhayo imaphatikizapo zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: mapulaneti oundana, mapiri aphulika ndi phulusa.

Popeza kutuluka kwa mpweya kumaphatikizapo ndi ejection ya mpweya wotentha, ngakhale masana, ndi phulusa, mapiri amapiri amatchedwa "mapiri opuma moto". Kalekale iwo ankaonedwa kuti ndi njira yopita kudziko lapansi. Ndipo analandira dzinali polemekeza mulungu wakale wachiroma Vulcan. Ankaganiza kuti moto ndi utsi zinachoka pamsana wake. Zochititsa chidwi zokhudzana ndi mapiri amachititsa chidwi chidwi pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana.

Mitundu ya mapiri

Kugawikana komwe kulipo ndikukhala kosatha. Mapiri okwera mapiri ndi omwe adayamba kukumbukira anthu. Umboni wa mboni zowona maso zasungidwa pafupi ndi zochitika izi. Kuphulika kwa mapiri ambiri kumadera a nyumba zamakono zamakono. Mwachitsanzo, izi ndi Kamchatka, chilumba cha Iceland, East Africa, Andes, ndi Cordillera.

Mapiri akuphulika sakuphulika kwa zaka zambiri. Pokumbukira anthu, panalibe zambiri zokhudza ntchito yawo. Koma pali zochitika zambiri pamene chiphalaphala, chomwe chinkawoneka kuti sichinatheke kalekale, mwadzidzidzi chinadzuka ndikubweretsa mavuto ambiri. Wotchuka kwambiri mwa iwo - kutuluka kwakukulu kwa Vesuvius mu 79, kujambula kwa ulemerero wa Briullov "The Last Day of Pompeii." Zaka zisanu chisanathe chiwonongeko ichi, Gladiators wa Spartacus opandukawo anali kubisala pamsonkhano wawo . Ndipo phirili linali lodzala ndi zomera zokongola.

Kuphulika kwa mapiri kumapiri ndi phiri la Elbrus - nsonga yapamwamba kwambiri ku Russia. Mitsempha yake iwiri imakhala ndi timagulu timene timagwirizana ndi zitsulo.

Kuphulika kwa mapiri monga njira ya geological

Kutuluka kwa mpweya ndi njira yopangira zinthu zamatsenga zotentha padziko lapansi pamtunda wolimba, wa madzi ndi wa gaseous. Phiri lililonse ndilokhakha. Nthaŵi zina kutuluka kwa mphepo kumakhala kofatsa, madzi amadzimadzi amatha kutsetsereka. Sichimasokoneza kumasulidwa pang'ono kwa mpweya, kotero palibe mabomba amphamvu.

Kuphulika kwa mtunduwu kumakhala kofanana ndi Kilauea. Kuphulika kumeneku ku Hawaii kumatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa anthu omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri padziko lapansi. Chipinda chake chomwe chili ndi makilomita 4.5 ndichikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Ngati lava ili wandiweyani, nthawi zina amavala nsalu. Zotsatira zake, mpweya womwe unasintha, popanda kupeza malo, umasonkhanitsa phokoso la chiphalaphala. Pamene mphamvu ya mpweya imakhala yapamwamba kwambiri, kupasuka kwakukulu kumachitika. Amapanga madzi ambirimbiri a lava, omwe amatha kugwa pansi ngati mabomba a mkokomo, mchenga ndi phulusa.

Vesuvius, Kathmai, kumpoto kwa America, amatchulidwa kale kwambiri.

Koma kupasuka kwakukulu kwambiri, komwe kunayambitsa kuzirala padziko lonse chifukwa cha mitambo yamapiri, yomwe dzuwa silinalowemo, linakhala mu 1883. Kenaka phiri la Krakatoa linaphulika kwambiri. Udindo wa gasi ndi phulusa udakwera kufika 70 km. Kuyanjana kwa madzi a m'nyanja ndi magma otentha kunayambitsa tsunami mpaka mamita 30. Pafupifupi, anthu pafupifupi 37,000 anavutika chifukwa cha mphukira.

Mapiri amasiku ano

Zimakhulupirira kuti pali mapiri oposa 500 omwe akugwira ntchito padziko lapansi masiku ano. Ambiri a iwo ali m'dera la Pacific "mphete yamoto", yomwe ili pamalire a chipinda cha lithosphere chomwecho. Chaka chilichonse, pamakhala mphukira pafupifupi 50. Anthu osachepera theka la biliyoni amakhala muzowunikira pa ntchito yawo.

Mapiri a Kamchatka

Mmodzi wa malo otchuka kwambiri a mapiri a masiku ano ali ku Far East East. Ndi dera lamapiri lamakono lamakono, lomwe lili pamphepete mwa moto wa Pacific. Mapiri a Kamchatka akuphatikizidwa m'ndandanda wa malo a UNESCO World Heritage List. Iwo ali ndi chidwi chachikulu osati zinthu zokha zofukufuku za sayansi, komanso monga zipilala za chirengedwe.

Pano pali phiri lomwe likuphulika kwambiri ku Eurasia lilipo - Klyuchevskaya Sopka. Kutalika kwake ndi 4750 mamita Plosky Tolbachik, Mutnovskaya Sopka, Gorely, Vilyuchinsky, Mountain Tooth, Avachinskaya Sopka ndi ena amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito yawo. Pafupifupi, pali mapiri okwana 28 ku Kamchatka ndi pafupifupi theka la zikwi zisanu zokha za mapiri. Koma apa pali mfundo zochititsa chidwi. Zinthu zambiri zimadziwika ndi mapiri a Kamchatka. Koma kwenikweni, pamodzi ndi dera lino amadziwika chifukwa chodabwitsa kwambiri - magetsi.

Awa ndiwo magwero omwe nthawi zonse amatulutsa akasupe amadzi otentha ndi nthunzi. Ntchito yawo ikukhudzana ndi magma, yomwe imatuluka ming'alu yomwe ili pansi pa dziko lapansi ndi kutenthetsa madzi pansi pa nthaka.

Mtsinje wotchuka wotchedwa Geysers, womwe uli pano, unatsegulidwa mu 1941 ndi TI Ustinova. Zili bwino kuganiziridwa chimodzi mwa zodabwitsa zachilengedwe. Chigawo cha Valley of Geysers sichiposa makilomita asanu ndi awiri. Km, koma imakhala ndi magetsi akuluakulu 20 komanso malo ambirimbiri otentha madzi. Giant yaikulu - yoponya madzi ndi nthunzi pamtunda wa mamita 30!

Kodi mapiri okwera kwambiri ndi otani?

Kufotokozera izi sikumveka. Choyamba, kutalika kwa mapiri otha kuphulika kungapitirire ndi kuphulika kulikonse chifukwa cha kukula kwa miyala yatsopano kapena kuchepa chifukwa cha kuphulika kumene kumawononga khunyu.

Chachiŵiri, phiri lophulika lomwe linkaonedwa kuti likutha likhoza kuwuka. Ngati ili lokwanira mokwanira, limatha kukankhira mmbuyo mtsogoleri yemwe alipo kale.

Chachitatu, momwe mungawerengere kutalika kwa chiphalaphala - kuchokera pansi kapena kuchokera ku nyanja? Izi zimapereka chiwerengero chosiyana. Ndipotu, cone, yomwe ili ndi msinkhu waukulu kwambiri, ingakhale yayikulu kwambiri poyerekezera ndi malo oyandikana nawo, komanso mosiyana.

Panopa, pakati pa mapiri ophulika, lalikulu kwambiri ndi Ljuyllyaylako ku South America. Kutalika kwake ndi mamita 6723. Koma akatswiri ambiri a ziphalaphala amakhulupirira kuti mutu wa wamkulu kwambiri ukhoza kutenga Cotopaxi, yomwe ili pa continent yomweyo. Mulole kutalika kwake kukhale kosachepera - "5897 m", koma anaphulika potsiriza mu 1942, ndi ku Ljuyllyaylako - kale mu 1877.

Komanso, mapiri okwera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi amatha kuonedwa ngati Mauna Loa a ku Hawaii. Ngakhale kuti kutalika kwake kuli 4169 m, ndi osachepera theka la mtengo wake weniweni. Mtsinje wa Mauna Loa umayamba kuchokera pansi pa nyanja wokha ndipo ukukwera makilomita 9. Ndikutanthauza kuti kutalika kwake kuchoka kumodzi mpaka pamwamba kumakhala kukula kwa Chomolungma!

Mapiri a mapiri

Kodi wina anamva za Phiri la Phiri la Crimea? Pambuyo pake, zimakhala zovuta kulingalira chilumbachi chodzaza utsi wa zinyama, ndipo mabombe - anadzazidwa ndi lava yofiira. Koma simungathe kudandaula, chifukwa ndi mapiri a mapiri.

Ichi si chodabwitsa choterechi m'chilengedwe. Mphepete mwa mapiri ndizofanana ndi zenizeni, koma sizimataya madzi, koma mitsinje ya madzi ndi theka-madzi matope. Chimene chimayambitsa kuphulika ndi kusonkhanitsa m'mphepete mwachinsinsi ndi ming'alu ya mipweya yambiri, nthawi zambiri ma hydrocarboni. Kupsyinjika kwa mpweya kumapangitsa phirilo kukhala lophulika, nthawi zambiri dothi ladothi limatuluka mamita makumi angapo la mamita, ndipo kutentha kwa mpweya ndi kupasuka kumapangitsa mphunoyo kukhala yovuta kwambiri.

Ntchitoyi ikhoza kukhala masiku angapo, limodzi ndi chibvomezi chapansi, chibwibwi pansi. Chotsatira chake, mawonekedwe otsika a matope a chisanu.

Madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja

Ku Crimea, mapiri oterewa amapezeka pa Kerch Peninsula. Wotchuka kwambiri mwa iwo ndi Jau-Tepe, yemwe ankawopa anthu a m'dera lawo ndi kuphulika kwawo kochepa (mphindi 14 zokha) mu 1914. Khola la matope a madzi linatulutsa mamita 60 mmwamba. Kutalika kwa matope kumayenda kufika mamita 500 ndi m'lifupi mamita oposa 100. Koma mphukira zazikuluzikuluzi ndizosiyana.

Zomwe zimachitika pamapiri a mapiri nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi malo a mafuta ndi gasi. Ku Russia, amapezeka ku Taman Peninsula, ku Sakhalin. Azerbaijan ndi "olemera" ochokera m'mayiko oyandikana nawo.

Mu 2007, pachilumba cha Java , chiphalaphalachi chinayamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo chinasefukira m'madera ake, kuphatikizapo nyumba zambiri. Malingana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu a kumeneko, izi zinali chifukwa cha kubowola kwa chitsime, chomwe chinasokoneza zigawo zakuya za miyala.

Zochititsa chidwi zokhudzana ndi mapiri

Edinburgh Castle ku Scotland imamangidwa pamwamba pa phiri lopanda mapiri. Ndipo ambiri a ku Scots sakudziwa nkomwe izo.

Zikuoneka kuti mapiri angakhale opanga! Mu filimuyi "The Samurai Last" Taranaki inachititsa kuti phiri lopatulika la Japan Fujiyama, liwoneke ngati lokongola kwambiri ku New Zealand. Chowonadi ndi chakuti malo ozungulira Fuji ndi malo ake akumidzi sanali oyenera kuwombera chithunzi cha zochitika zakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900.

Kawirikawiri, mapiri a New Zealand safunika kudandaula za kunyalanyaza kwa opanga mafilimu. Inde, Ruapehu ndi Tongariro adadziwika makamaka chifukwa cha filimuyo "Lord of the Rings", momwe adawonetsera Orodruin, amene mudamwali wa Ring of All-Power anapangidwanso ndipo anawonongedwa kumeneko. Gulu lokhalitsa ku Erebor mu filimuyi "The Hobbit" ndi chimodzi mwa mapiri a kumapiri.

Ndipo magetsi a Kamchatka ndi mathithi adasanduka chithunzi chojambula filimuyo "Land of Sannikov."

Kuphulika kwa phiri la St. Helens (USA) mu 1980 kumatengedwa kukhala wamphamvu kwambiri m'zaka zonse za m'ma 2000. Kuphulika kumeneku, komwe kunali kofanana ndi mabomba okwera 500 ku Hiroshima, kunagwa phulusa m'madera anayi.

Kuphulika kwa mapiri ku Iceland, Eyyafyadlayokudl, kunatchuka chifukwa chakuti phulusa ndi utsi zinayambitsa maulendo a ndege m'mayiko a ku Ulaya kukhala chisokonezo m'chaka cha 2010. Ndipo dzina lake linadodometsa mazana a wailesi ndi wailesi yakanema.

Pinatubo ya ku Philippines inaphulika nthawi yomaliza mu 1991. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zida ziwiri za nkhondo za ku America zinawonongedwa. Ndipo patadutsa zaka 20 chipinda cha Pinatubo chinadzaza ndi madzi amvula, n'kupanga nyanja yokongola yosangalatsa, m'mphepete mwa phiri lomwe likuphulika ndi zomera zozizira. Izi zinathandiza mabungwe oyendayenda kupanga zosangalatsa ndi kusambira m'nyanja yamapiri.

Chifukwa cha kuphulika, miyala yochititsa chidwi imapangidwa nthawi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mwala wosavuta ndi mwala wa pumice. Mitundu yambiri ya mpweya imapangitsa kukhala yowala kuposa madzi. Kapena mukambirane "tsitsi" la Hawaii. Iwo ndi miyala yayitali, yoonda kwambiri ya thanthwe. Nyumba zambiri mumzinda wa Armenia Yerevan zimakhala ndi mapiri a pinki, zomwe zimapatsa mzinda kukhala mtundu wapadera.

Ziphalaphala ndi zodabwitsa komanso zodabwitsa. Chidwi mwa iwo chimayambitsidwa ndi mantha, chidwi ndi ludzu la chidziwitso chatsopano. Sizachabechabe kuti amatchedwa mawindo kudziko lapansi. Koma pali zofuna zowonjezereka. Mwachitsanzo, dothi lamapiri ndi lachonde kwambiri, lomwe limapangitsa anthu kukhazikika pafupi ndi iwo kwa zaka zambiri, ngakhale pangozi.