Kodi kanjedza ya mafuta imakula?

Anthu ambiri amadziwa za kukhalapo kwa mafuta a kanjedza. Kwa lero ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso zofalitsidwa ndi zamasamba padziko lonse lapansi. M'nkhaniyi tikambirana mafunso ena okhudza chomera chodabwitsachi, chomwe chimapereka mankhwala oyenera: kodi mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa mafuta ndi chiyani, pomwe umakula, ndi zina zotero?

Choyamba, ndikufuna kukumbukira kuti kufotokoza koyamba kwa mtengo wofanana ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa mafuta kunapangidwa ndi a Venetian dzina lake Alvise da daada Cada Mosto m'zaka za zana la 15. Wasayansi uyu anali atachita kafukufuku ku West Africa.

Zaka zoposa 50 zapitazo, zipatso za mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa maolivi zinali zitayenda ulendo wapatali limodzi ndi akapolo kudutsa nyanja ya Atlantic, kenako mafutawa anayamba kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi.

Pali zilumba za Solomon (kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Pacific), kumene mungathe kuona mizere yopanda malire ya kanjedza, kuchokera ku zipatso zomwe zimapanga batala.

Mtedza wamtengo wa mafuta: chithunzi, kufotokoza

Chomera ichi ndi banja la mitengo ya kanjedza komanso chimodzi mwa mitundu ya kanjedza ya mafuta.

M'mawonekedwe a kuthengo ndi mtengo waukulu, womwe kutalika kwake kumatha kufika mamita 20 mpaka 30, koma mu chikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amakula mamita 10 mpaka 15. Thunthu lalikulu la kanjedza limangowonekera m'chaka cha 4 ndi 6 cha moyo, komanso mumthunzi (pansi pa denga la nkhalango) - kokha zaka 15-20. Mtengo wautali uli ndi thunthu m'mimba mwake wofanana ndi masentimita 25.

Miyendo ya kanjedza ndi yamphamvu kwambiri, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yozama kwambiri. Mitengo akuluakulu pamunsi mwa thunthu amakhala ndi mizu yambiri. Mitengo ina imakhala ndi mapuloteni oterewa ophimba thunthu mpaka mamita 1.

Masamba a kanjedza ndi yaitali (mpaka mamita 7), zazikulu ndi nthenga. Mu chomera chachikulu mu korona akhoza kuwerengera zidutswa 20-40. Koma chaka chilichonse pamtengo wamtengo wa kanjedza amafa mpaka masamba 25, kenaka amasinthidwa ndi atsopano. Large thotho thotho kuphimba petioles wa masamba.

Kuwonjezera pa zonsezi, ziri zokongola komanso zokongola kunja kwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa mafuta.

Zipatso

Ichi ndi mankhwala achikale akale. Zipatso zooneka ngati maolivi a kanjedza ya mafuta zimachokera kumwamba ndi fibrious pericarp, mkati mwake ndi zamkati zomwe zili ndi mafuta. Pansipa iyi pali nati, yokutidwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba, mkati mwake chomwe chiri nthiti (kapena mbewu). Ambiriwa ali ndi endosperm, ndipo kamwana kameneka kamakhala kochepa.

Mikanjo ya mafuta (chithunzi cha chipatso cha pamwamba) chili ndi mankhwala ambirimbiri. Mulu uliwonse wa iwo ndi 55-100 g ndipo amasonkhanitsa paniculate inflorescences, okhala ndi zipatso 1300 mpaka 2300.

Zizindikiro za mafuta

Mafuta a palmi amapangidwa kuchokera ku zipatso zamkati. Mtundu wake umatha kusiyana ndi mdima wandiweyani mpaka mdima wofiira, ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka monga mafuta opangira ndi sopo.

Mafuta a palmi amapangidwa kuchokera ku zipatso za kanjedza. Malinga ndi zida zake ndi zokonzedwa, zikufanana ndi kokonati ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwake.

Ngakhale kuti mafutawa ali ndi madigiri 27 mpaka 30, nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi hydrogenation, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito osakaniza ndi mafuta ena a zamasamba kapena kupatulapo kuti apange salato ya zakudya popanga margarine.

Kuti tithe kupanga tani imodzi ya mafuta a kanjedza, chofunika cha matani anayi ndi theka.

Kukolola

Mtedza wa mafuta, monga taonera kale, uli ndi zipatso zambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ogwira ntchito kumunda amakolola zokolola zokwana matani 2 (kuyambira 80 mpaka 100 magulu) tsiku ndi tsiku. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti gulu limodzi lifika polemera makilogalamu 25. Ndipo mu chirichonse cha iwo pafupifupi zipatso mazana awiri.

Kusonkhanitsa zipatso ndi kovuta kwambiri komanso nthawi yowonjezera, chifukwa ili pafupi pafupifupi kutalika kwa nyumba ya nthano zinayi. Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? Ogwira ntchito amayesetsa kupanga mipeni yakuthwa mpaka kumapeto kwa phulusa. Pothandizidwa ndi izi, osonkhanitsa amadula zipatso kuchokera pamitengo ndikuzisonkhanitsa m'mirumba pambali mwa msewu. Ndiye mphesa zimapita ku processing plant.

Malo a kukula

M'mayiko otentha, mafuta a kanjedza amakula. Amakulira kuti? Pali mgwalangwa wa ku Africa wa mtundu umenewu (Elaeis guieneensis). Ngakhale kuti dziko lakwawo ndi lotentha kwambiri ku Africa (Nigeria), limakula ku Malaysia, Central America ndi Indonesia.

Palinso malo omwe mitengo ya kanjedza imakula (mitundu Elaeis melanococca, Acrocomia ndi Coco Mbocaya) komanso ku South America (makamaka ku Paraguay). Pangani chomera ichi kuti mupange mafuta okhwima ndi odyetsedwa.

Kukonzekera

Maluwa a palm palm omwe amamera msipu ndipo amapanga zipatso zokha kwa zaka 10-20 za moyo, ndipo chomera chodziwika bwino chimayamba kubereka zipatso kwa zaka zitatu kapena zachinai mutabzala.

Zopindulitsa kwambiri zimapindula ali ndi zaka 15-18, ndipo moyo wathunthu wa chomera chodabwitsa ndi zaka 80 mpaka 120.

Zakale za mbiriyakale

Mafuta ochokera ku zipatso za chomera chodabwitsa ichi chinapangidwa kuchokera nthawi zakale kwambiri. Pazakafukufuku ofufuza za mmabwinja, mfuti yomwe imakhala ndi maonekedwe a mafuta a kanjedza (malo oikidwa m'manda a Africa kuyambira zaka 3,000 BC) adapezeka.

Kulima mitengo ya kanjedza pamakampani kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri zokha. Panthawiyo, makampani omwe ankapanga sopo ndi margarine ankafuna mafuta a zipatso zake.

Mitengo yamitengo yayikulu inayamba ku Indonesia mu 1911, ku Malaysia - mu 1919. Malo okhala ndi zomera zimenezi m'mayiko a ku Africa anayamba kuwonjezeka.

Masiku ano, kanjedza ya mafuta ndi imodzi mwa mbewu zoyendetsera dziko lapansi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta. Malingana ndi ziwerengero, mu 1988 izo zinapangidwa matani oposa 9 miliyoni, ndipo chaka chilichonse kupanga kumeneku kunawonjezeka.

Gwiritsani ntchito

Amwenyewo amagwiritsira ntchito mafuta ochepetsetsa, omwe panthawi imeneyo amafanana ndi kukoma kwa zakudya, chakudya cha mtedza. Pambuyo pake, kukoma ndi kununkhiza kwake kumasintha osati kosangalatsa kwambiri.

Kawirikawiri, mgwalangwa wa mafuta umagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana: kuchokera kumagulu a masamba ake aang'ono, zingwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, masamba ouma amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira mapepala, makatani, zopangidwa ndi iwo komanso kudula mitengo. Kuchokera ku mabasiketi omwe amadzimangirira, zowonongeka kwambiri zotsamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chakudya (chomwe chimatchedwa kanjedza kabichi), vinyo amapangidwa kuchokera ku madzi a kanjedza.

Ku England, mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira makina komanso kupanga makandulo.

Zaka zaposachedwapa, mtengo wamtengo wa kanjedza umalowanso ku Brazil.

Pomaliza - ponena za ntchito ya mafuta

Chodabwitsa n'chakuti mafuta a kanjedza, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu metallurgy (mafuta opangira mphero ndi zina zotero), amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa malonda.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zowonjezera, ufa wophika, ayisikilimu, ndi mafakitale odyera mbatata (chips).

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zodzoladzola ndi mankhwala. Ndipo kuyambira chiyambi cha zaka za 2000, mafuta a kanjedza akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga biofuels.