Ikani ndi udindo wa atolankhani mu moyo andale a anthu. Chifukwa kukula wa atolankhani ndale

Today amakonda sikunachitekepo bwino nkhani, ndipo zimautsa lalitali, popanda pang'ono chifundo kuwonongeka, ndi kukhala kuti dziko lonse. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ntchito ya TV ku zandale wakula n'chachikulu, zotsatira pa moyo siyana mbali iyi mwamtheradi si ofanana ndi zomwe zinakhala zaka mazana m'mbuyomo.

udindo

Society akusokoneza si ichi chokha kapena kuti maganizo, komanso dongosolo la makhalidwe, amene adzapondereza onse mfundo mwakuwoneka zosasintha. TV, wailesi, m'magazini, m'manyuzipepala tsopano kumenyana, ndi kuti mudziwe nkhondo zambiri wamagazi kuposa mphamvu iliyonse nyukiliya chifukwa likukhudza maganizo a anthu, mwa mawu mwaluso theka choonadi, achabe ndi mabodza enieni. M'nyengo Union, linalinso noticeable yotsimikizika udindo wa atolankhani ku moyo ndale, pamene maumboni onse kufufuzidwa bwino ndi iwo ndithu mwaluso amayendela. Kumbukirani zitsanzo obolganiem ntchito pafupifupi onse anasiya malo mlembi wamkulu.

The waukulu wa mphulupulu akukokomeza wachibale mabungwe monga SMERSH, ndi Gulag, ndi Stalin ndi Beria umunthu. Pakhala debunking anthu ndi ang'onoang'ono, anali kuvumbula zinthu zophwanya malamulo akuluakulu ndi andale, aluso ndi olemba. Mfundo zimenezi wakhala bwino yaikulu owerenga ndi zandipindulitsa zoopsa chifukwa ngwazi za mabuku amenewa. M'malo mwake - essays laudatory ndi HIV kuchita mitundu yonse ya Anthu chachikulu kwenikweni nyenyezi misinkhu yosiyanasiyana kwa anthu. Choncho, udindo wa atolankhani ku zandale sangathe anakokomeza. Ndipo ndithudi, polola ntchito wamba mudziwe munthu aliyense ayenera kukhala ndi udindo.

Media ntchito zandale

Utolankhani anthu amachita zosiyanasiyana ntchito, ndipo pafupifupi onse muzochitika ndi mabungwe. Izi ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana zochitika mu dziko ndipo dziko pafupifupi m'madera - ndale, thanzi, socialization, maphunziro ndi zina zotero. malonda izi mu mtundu uliwonse. Ndipo zochita za anthu kudziwa kwenikweni sangakhoze anakokomeza, chifukwa mu njira iliyonse, makamaka atolankhani amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa moyo ndale, chifukwa zida zonse za chikoka pa kukhazikitsa a ndale zimapezeka manja a anthu amene zomwe ndi kudziwa momwe kusintha izo.

Sayansi yamakono ndale sanali angasokoneze ntchito, kupereka TV ngati maudindo ncthito monga "mphamvu chachinayi", "ndi muweruzi lalikulu" ndi zina zotero, kuika atolankhani pa ndime ndi mphamvu ya milandu, mabwana ngakhale malamulo. Komabe, akatswiri andale sali choncho cholakwika, atolankhani kwenikweni kukhala pafupifupi wamphamvuzonse. Kulamulira TV - polojekiti ndi dziko. No wandale simungakhoze kuchita popanda atolankhani pamafunika onse a mitundu yake - ndi kusindikiza ndi TV, ndi mawailesi. Ndipo anthu kusintha mawu odzitukumula kuti tsopano anawona padziko lonse, zimangokhala malo a zochita, - chifukwa cha zimene udindo wake wa atolankhani ku moyo ndale za sewerolo anthu ouziridwa.

Nthano zonse tsoka

Makamaka oopsa lomwa TV, pamene mu dziko palibe maphwando chitsutso, mayanjano zogwirizana kapena mabungwe amene salola kupangika wankhanza. Mu zinthu izi, imangokhala irreplaceable udindo wa atolankhani mu moyo andale a anthu. Zitsanzo pamaso wanu. Nanga chilichonse chinachitika kumapeto kwa m'bandakucha wa 80s mu Soviet Union, komwe anthu ali omasuka oposa adakhulupirira zonse, kodi TV iliyonse imatumiza?

Indetu, ndiye kuwerenga zambiri zosangalatsa kuposa moyo weniweniwo. Anthu anazolowera zoipa ngati ndi chidzudzulo chachikulu, chimene mwadzidzidzi lidagwa pansi kuchokera kulikonse pa anthu mitu ndi nthumanzi. Kuti mudziwe nkhondo zimatuluka zaka, atolankhani, bungwe ndi chidwi mphamvu akuthamangira kuwonongedwa, kenako agwidwa dziko olemera, zinali iye amene anathandizira kugonjetsedwa kwa dongosolo lonse ndale, omwe opareshoni dziko kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri. Kukula kwa atolankhani pa moyo ndale za anthu zikuchitika pa nthawi imene ulamuliro pa mfundo kugwa m'manja mwa anthu oipa kuti ndi zikugwira iwo kulenga yabwino maganizo a anthu.

Panthawiyi ku America

Mu United States udindo wa atolankhani ku zandale chiyambi kwambiri kuphunzira ndi kusanthula pa m'banda 60. Kodi kungachititse kusalankhula kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi anthu, popanda nawo mabungwe monga kusukulu, kutchalitchi, banja, mabungwe chipani ndi zina zotero? Ndipo zomwe zimachitika ngati ndondomeko izi anaika kulamulira? Ndi chida chofunika kwambiri pa TV thandizo mapulogalamu ena. Ngakhale atolankhani si kuti akakole mu zida za kanema ndi wailesi, kuchita ziwalo kokha mabuku, izo sizinali choncho zoipa, ngakhale manyuzipepala ambiri ndi magazini poyamba anatsegula ngati matupi a zipani zosiyanasiyana zandale ndi ochepa kwambiri a iwo kunja ndale.

The chida chachikulu cha buku lililonse - ndi multidimensionality zambiri. Ngakhale zogwirizana ndi zenizeni nsanja ndale nyuzipepala nthawizonse anatumikira ndi zipangizo chosalowerera ndale, zosangalatsa kapena uthenga, kuti, anthu kuchokera pachiyambi anazolowera kuona kuti mbali ya dziko onse, ndi mwa njira inayake kuchita zochitika mu izo. Koma pamene nthawi ifika ... The woyamba TV nkhani za msonkhano chisankho mu United States kunayamba 1952. Kuyambira pamenepo analenga sukulu lonse, maphunziro a atolankhani zimakhudza misa mu njira opindulitsa. Mu '80s TV wakhala moona lalikulu pakati TV onse.

mtsutso

Kukula atolankhani mu moyo ndale za anthu chifukwa chakuti mwayi kulimbikitsa ndi thandizo lawo, ndipo ngakhale yesezera khalidwe ndale ya misa, izo wayesedwa mobwerezabwereza zitsanzo omwe adzaponye chisanko cha Kuvota mu United States pambuyo kutsutsana televised pakati ofuna mutsogoleli wadziko. Choncho pambuyo Kennedy anapambana TV msonkhano ndi mdani andale - Nixon, ndi kafukufuku ambiri oponya mavoti apeza zimatsimikizira kuti makani izi zimakhudza kusankha kwawo.

Mu njira yomweyo pambuyo telecast ndi Reagan anakwanitsa osati kuchotsa kusiyana mu cent anayi pa pakati pa iye ndi Carter, komanso kupeza kudzera TV mtsutso peresenti asanu ya mavoti onse. The chomwecho chinachitika mu Reagan-Mondale awiriawiri Chitsamba Choyaka Dyukakis Chitsamba Choyaka-Clinton. Pang'onopang'ono makani pakati pa Otsutsa kwa pulezidenti wakhala chida champhamvu pafupifupi m'mayiko onse, kuphatikizapo mu Russia. Place ndi udindo wa atolankhani ku moyo ndale zili zofunika kwambiri ndi kutsogolera. Ndipo TV mu maluwa zikutanthauza - ndi mwayi wawukulu kukhudzana ndi mpheto chikugwirabe anthu. Izo ntchito kuchepa kwa mudziwe ntchito kapena cholinga, maphunziro, maphunziro. Ndi zambiri amakhala chidzachitika mpheto wa zofuna za magulu ena.

chithunzi

Komabe, chifukwa kukula wa atolankhani ndale si kwathunthu lomveka, bungwe ili Mipikisano faceted ndi zovuta akhoza musaweruzidwe limodzi sidedly. Ambiri a ziwalo zake ndi zinthu za kukhazikitsa ntchito kwambiri osiyanasiyana ngakhale basi kudziwitsa anthu za zochitika ndi zochitika zimene zimachitika kulikonse - kuchokera dera kwa padziko lonse. Izi mndandanda wa mfundo ndi kufalitsa ake mwa kuonerera maso a dziko, ndi kusankha ndi ndemanga, ndiyo kusintha zimene timaphunzira, kenako cholinga ndi kuumba maganizo a anthu. Kuwonjezeka n'zotheka kulankhulana anthu - ndicho chifukwa chachikulu kukula udindo wa atolankhani.

Society ndi politicized kwambiri, ndipo atolankhani, wailesi ndi televizioni kuti ndiphunzire izi mu zigawo wodziika ya anthu padziko lapansi. Choncho, udindo wa atolankhani pa moyo masiku ndale kwambiri kuposa kale. Iwo amati malo pa watchdog chidwi onse, maso ndi makutu a anthu lonse: amachenjeza za zachuma, kukula kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zoipa zina, kulankhula za ziphuphu ku boma. Komabe, udindo umenewu TV ayenera kwathunthu kwa palibe amene amadalira - kapena ndale kapena chuma. Koma sizichitika.

chivomerezo

M'mayiko otukuka, TV ndi ntchito payekha bungwe kapena gawo la chuma, zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito masauzande anthu. Media ntchito Economic zachokera zosonkhanitsira, processing, yosungirako ndi kugulitsa wotsatira zambiri. Ndiko kuti, atolankhani ntchito ndi phunziro ndithu kuti chuma msika. zotsutsana onse pa anthu, zinthu zonse zigawo zosiyanasiyana ndi magulu ali chinaonekeranso mwa mabuku ndi mapulogalamu. Kukula mphamvu zachuma, ndi yamakolo amadza - yafupika boma kulamulira ndi mabungwe (otsatsa).

Ngakhale chimachitika ndi kuti malingaliro pa zinthu zina sakugwirizana osankhika akulamulira ndi utsogoleri wa buku. media akhala conglomerates yaikulu kuti ndi makampani palokha ndipo m'malo opindulitsa mu ntchito, koma ichi ndi chiyambi malonda ndipo salola kuchita popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo msika zilipo. Ndipo pano akhoza kusintha osati chikhalidwe cha polojekiti, komanso ntchito atolankhani ku zandale. Zitsanzo achuluka. Ngakhale Reagan, pulezidenti ndiye-panopa dziko, mu 1988, onse atatu aakulu US TV wailesi si anamasulidwa chifukwa kupanda chidwi malonda. Chifukwa, 1989 chinali chaka chomaliza cha ulamuliro wake.

zitsanzo zina

Publications, malipoti ndi ndemanga kuti kuunikira pa akasupe chinsinsi, kumvera malamulo a mabwalo ulamuliro kulabadira kugulu mu mbali kwambiri odious cha ntchitoyi. ndipo izo zimachitika nthawi zina. Mwachitsanzo, mu "New York Times" anali kufalitsa dongosolo chotero, pamene iwo anafotokoza, zikalata Pentagon, nyuzipepala "Washington Post" poyera milandu Watergate, ndipo anakonza wailesi telekorporatsii ku Congress, komwe anakhala mlandu revelatory. Zikuonekanso posungira ndi Zionetsero za maganizo a anthu pa nkhondo Vietnam, ndipo pochita izi nawo ambiri TV dziko, kuphatikizapo United States.

US Pulezidenti Lyndon Johnson ndi Richard Nixon anakakamizika kusiya m'bwalolo ndale, chifukwa atolankhani amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa moyo ndale. Mwachidule, atolankhani zibwezeletsera onse mphamvu ndi zochita za mabwalo olamulira. Komabe, kumachitika zambiri pa nthawi imene atolankhani n'kopindulitsa. Ambiri a manyuzipepala ndi magazini, wailesi ndi televizioni, ngakhale wotchuka kwambiri, anali wolimba kokha kupyolera zomverera za. zoipa Open poyera chinyengo, yesani kupeza zinsinsi, nachiyika onse pachionetsero - ichi ndi udindo waukulu TV mu moyo ndale. 11 kalasi m'masukulu Russian kale kuphunzira njira ya mphamvu zoterozo.

"Mabomba"

Nthawi zambiri, okonda kutengeka kope, amafuna 'aphulitsa bomba, "kufufuza ziphuphu malfeasance zina, kulankhula za kugwa kwa makhalidwe akuluakulu okalamba kapena chinyengo ya adzaponye chisanko mu ofuna mutsogoleli wadziko. Choncho amapereka kamvekedwe ka mtsutso anthu. Kubweretsa kwa anthu onse zoipa ndi zoberana mu makonde a mphamvu. Ndipo pali nthawi TV ndi kuwina kupambana waluntha.

Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo kumuyalutsa ndi uoltergeytskogo kenako choyamba mu nkhani ya pulezidenti US yosiya ntchito. Ndipo pamene "Spiegel" watiuza owerenga zokhudza kusalola chinsinsi antchito kuteteza lamulo lalikhulu la dziko, mu nyumba payekha ndi injiniya yosavuta kukhazikitsa pali mitundu yonse ya umisiri mobisa zimene ankaphunzira, kutsanzika nduna ya za M'dziko la Germany.

"Abakha"

Koma pali njira ina. Mtolankhani wa "Interfax" analipo m'bwalo, kumene iwo anali kukwaniritsa chiweruziro ndi Khodorkovsky. Iye anakonza malipoti awiri mkonzi pamaso chigamulochi. Ndiyeno ine ndalakwitsa ndi kutumiza lapansi. Mu chakudya uthenga pali zomwe Mikhail Khodorkovsky ndi mfulu kale. Rebuttal - izo kusala, mpaka inakhazikitsa, msikawu wakula chidwi kwambiri. Izi si choncho yekha. Mphekesera zokhudza yosiya wa Viktor Chernomyrdin komanso adagulung'undisa pambuyo pa "bakha" mu "Novaya GAZETA", pomwe Boris Gromov "kuchotsedwa" ku malo bwanamkubwa wa dera Moscow, kutumiza ku ofesi ya kazembe wa Ukraine.

Apa ntchito anagwira pa zandale wa atolankhani kuthamangitsa zomverera. Mu Zikatero, kukambirana pakati pa akuluakulu a boma ndi anthu si zotheka, chifukwa kulankhulana ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi masewera ana amatchedwa "wogontha telefoni". Ulamuliro zofunika kwambiri kupezerera smoznaniem anthu ndi zimene wolandira amalowerera wodzipatula ndi kumana izi ndi chikoka yachilendo. Pamene palibe njira, anzeru m'manja mwa malingaliro palibe. Kukambirana ndi kutsutsana wotere n'zosatheka. Mwatsoka, pa mphindi njira zambiri mpheto ndi mbali ya lamulo pafupifupi dziko lililonse. Akutiakuti 'bakha "anthu akhudzidwa akukumbukira monga chogwirizana ndi mtundu wina wa kumuyalutsa: ngati iye anaba thumba la ndalama, kapena ngati anabazo. Inde, aliyense kale ndipo zilibe kanthu, chifukwa nkhani masiku awa salinso mofulumira kwambiri kukhala zogwirizana.