1918 mbiri ya Russia: zochitika zazikulu

Mu mbiri ya lililonse m'dziko, pali zaka amaonedwa kunasintha kusintha kwa nyengo. Iwo yodziwika ndi kudzakwaniritsa pa pafupifupi magulu osiyanasiyana a moyo wapoyera, mavuto pachimake, ndipo nthawi zambiri chiyambi cha nkhondoyi. Choncho kunapezeka mu 1918 mbiri Russian. Pa umunthu kwambiri nthawi imeneyi, nkhani zomwe zinachitika pa malire a dziko, ndipo kufunika kwa mibadwomibadwo, ife tsopano tikambirane.

Madzulo a 1918

Tisanafotokoze agwera mu maelstrom wa vicissitudes mu 1918, azindikire kuti zonse ndi chifukwa, m'pofunika mwachidule kufotokoza zimene zinachitika m'mbuyomo.

Choyamba, muyenera kunena kuti chaka 1914-1918 m'mbiri ya Russia ndi dziko - ndi nthawi ya First World nkhondo. Chochitika ichi anali kutsogolera choyambirira cha kusintha onse amene anachitika m'dziko lathu, komanso ambiri a mayiko European nyengo. Atayamba kuvunda kwa Russian Ufumu sanasamuke aliyense mawu nkhondo kapena chuma yaitali nkhondo. Kwenikweni, izo zikanakhoza kulosera za zotsatira za Chirasha Japanese Nkhondo ya 1904-1905.

Romanov mafumu, ndi kulamulira zaka zoposa 300 akale, anayamba mofulumira kutaya ulamuliro wake wakale. Events yosatha zisinthe wa 1905 anali harbingers ya mkuntho kufika kwake kokha. Ndipo mosakhalitsa Katie kunabuka.

Mosakayikira, zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu nthawi athamangadi-kupita anafotokozedwa ndi February ndi October kusintha mu 1917. The oyamba kutha kwa autocracy wa Romanovs ndi wachiwiri anaika maziko zimachitika chitsanzo atsopano kotheratu mfundo, palibe mpaka si ntchito mchitidwe.

Koma mmene yotheka boma latsopano anali kusonyeza likuzungulira 1918 mbiri Russian.

Njira zoyamba za mphamvu Soviet

Nthawi yomweyo kuchokera pamene mphamvu, Bolshevik Party anapezerapo unyolo wonse wa kukonza dziko.

January 26, 1918 anali anapereka lamulo limene kulengeza chiyambi cha kusintha kalendala. Kwenikweni ake tichipeza mu kusintha kwa Julian kalendala ntchito ndi mpingo Orthodox, ndi kufikira nthawi imeneyo ankaona nduna ya Russian ufumu wa Gregory anadzetsa ntchito m'mayiko ambiri a dziko, makamaka mu ulamuliro zakuthambo kalendala. Kusintha inatha pa February 14, pamene Soviet Russia wakhala mwalamulo anasamukira latsopano kalendala mawerengedwe.

January 28 linaperekedwa Watsimikiza Bungwe la Commissars Anthu a mapangidwe a anthu ogwira ntchito ndi Alimi 'Red Army. Ndi ichi chinali chiyambi cha ukulu tsogolo la asilikali a Soviet Union.

February 2 lamulo analengeza, omwe analekana Mpingo Orthodox ku State. Kuyambira tsopano mumaganiza onse achipembedzo mu dziko anali ufulu yokhala ofanana, anatsimikizidwa ndi ufulu wa chikumbumtima ndi chipembedzo.

Zokambirana ndi Germany

Ntchito yaikulu ndi yofunika kwambiri ya mphamvu Soviet ndi njira yotulukira wa First World nkhondo, amene kale pa nthawi imeneyo Russia, kumene, anatayika. Komabe, za aliyense capitulation icho sichinali. Kunali koyenera kuona kugwirizana ndi ku Central Mphamvu, umene panthawi imeneyo Russia anali pa nkhondo, pa zinthu zabwino kwambiri kwa iwowa ndi zotheka mu zinthu ziliri kovuta.

Za zokambirana izi kufunika kwa boma la Soviet limasonyeza kuti chiyambi izo chinaikidwa zambiri December 22, 1917. Iwo anali ovuta kwambiri, chifukwa palibe magulu sanafune asintha lalikulu.

Amakuthandiza kuganizira malo ake pa nkhani zambiri, gululo Soviet anapanga resumption cha nkhondoyi ndi bwino German katapila Chirasha German kutsogolo. zochitika izi spodvigli Bolsheviks asintha kwambiri.

The Brest-Litovsk Mtendere

Pa March 3 1918, izo potsiriza anasaina Brest-Litovsk miseche. Soviet Russia anavomera awiri dera lawo, kuphatikizapo amene apatsidwa, Ukraine, Belarus, ndi Baltic States, Finland, chiwerengero cha zigawo Caucasus. Komanso, anakakamizika kupereka limanena kwambiri za ndalama mu mawonekedwe a reparations kuti mphamvu wopambana, kusiya ntchito ya usilikali kwa iwo, ndi kwenikweni kuthetsa nkhondo.

Boma Soviet sakanakhoza kulephera kuzindikira kuti kulemba izi pangano osiyana, amalakatika ngakhale ziyembekezo illusive kuzindikira za zoti maiko Entente komanso kuchita nkhondo mwachindunji nawo. Koma panalibe njira ina, n'cholinga choti pakhale mtendere ndi Germany anali nkhani ya kupulumuka.

Chiyambi cha mapangidwe a White kayendedwe

Kuyambira pachiyambi, tidafika ku mphamvu, Bolsheviks ndi adani ambiri mwa Russia yokha. Phata waukulu mapangidwe awo ndi otchedwa White kuyenda. Iwo adjoins osati monarchists oona, koma kumbali ya zitsanzo Republican boma, demokalase kuposa amene akanapereka boma Soviet ndi adani ena a Bolsheviks.

Komabe, utsogoleri wa White kayendedwe, mosiyana ndi boma la Soviet, amene amaona palokha wolowa malamulo a Russian Ufumu ndi Provisional boma inasokonekera pa October kuukira boma. Kusaina wa Brest-Litovsk mapangano osiyana ndi nthumwi za ku Central Mphamvu chinathandiza De facto kuzindikira atsogoleri a White kayendedwe ka maiko Entente monga boma yovomerezeka Russia. Ngakhale mwalamulo udindo wa iwo anali mofulumira ayi.

asilikali Muzikonza

Zigawenga phiko la White kayendedwe anali mongodzipereka asilikali, anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe mwamsanga mapeto a 1917 motsogozedwa loyamba la General Alekseeva M. V., ndiyeno - Kornilova L. G. lotsiriza kungakhale mlengi chenicheni cha izo. Mapangidwe yomaliza ya Muzikonza Army inatha January 7, 1918.

Koma Kornilov anaphedwa pa April 13 chaka chomwecho pa kumasulidwa Ekaterinodar ku Bolsheviks. Utsogoleri wa Muzikonza Army anayamba chimodzimodzi amphamvu Anton Ivanovich Denikin.

nkhani zonsezi zikusonyeza kuya zonse za mavuto a ndale, kuphimba dziko. Kuzindikira kuopsa kwake anabweretsa mu 1918 mbiri Russia. Nkhondo ndipo amavutika.

The phukusi la Entente

Monga tanena mapeto a pangano osiyana ndi Germany ndi ogwirizana ake, boma Soviet kuika mu boma ya nkhondoyo mwachindunji ndi maiko Entente. Komanso, nkhondo sanali za chikhalidwe mwangwiro ndale, koma kunkakhala kumenyana ndi mfuti. 1918 - 1920 chaka m'mbiri ya Russia amakhala ngati nthawi ya gawo achangu za phukusi yachilendo asilikali.

Start cha nkhondoyi Entente mayiko ndi Soviet Russia chinaikidwa kubzala mu March 1918 Murmansk French ankafika, komanso kutsekereza cha doko la Angelo UK zombo.

Kenako Russian Civil nkhondo pachimake, chinthu olusa amene anakhala Vladivostok, Odessa, Kherson, Sevastopol, mzinda wa Batumi ndiponso mizinda ina. Geography kuwukira kukodzedwa.

Ndi phukusi anagwirizana madera British ndi maulamuliro, komanso mayiko amene si mamembala a Entente (US, Japan ndi ena).

nkhondo yapachiweniweni

chaka 1918-1922 m'mbiri ya Russia amakhala ngati nthawi ya Civil nkhondo. Ngakhale mbiri yakale ambiri chimaonekera kuchokera pachiyambi cha 1917, ndi tsiku kutsiriza ndi 1924, koma achangu, ndi kutali, wayamba kuoneka nthawi kuphunzira.

Ndi kasupe wa 1918 Muzikonza Army ndi athanzi monga mphamvu nkhondowo-wokonzeka kuti akhoza kutsutsana ndi Bolshevik Red Army.

Popeza March, akuyamba kuchita ntchito yogwira nkhondo. Pogalukira mphamvu Soviet chimakwirira Mzinda woyamba wa Don Cossacks, ndiyeno - Kuban. Kwenikweni, anali pa kuukira anapha Ekaterinodar mkulu loyamba la Muzikonza Army Kornilov Lavr Georgievich.

White kayendedwe kum'mawa Russia

Mu June, mamembala a Zonse-Russian Komiti ya Msonkhano Constituent (Komuch) unakhazikitsidwa Samara, omwe yekha m'malo mwa Provisional Boma la Kerensky. Army Komuch anthu analengedwa, umene uli kum'mawa patsogolo pa White kuyenda. Iye limodzi ndi kumenyana ndi Red Army wa Bolsheviks Komabe, ndi bwino pang'ono.

Mu September 1918, Onse-Russian Provisional Government (Ufa Directory) analengedwa Ufa zochokera Komuch. Poyankha, pambuyo kulephera kwa kanthu ndale ndi pa nkhondo, izo anali kusungunuka mu November, asilikali Kolchak. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Omsk, anaikidwa ndi Wolamulira Wamkulu wa Russia, ndipo kuchokera nthawi imeneyo anali mtsogoleri otchuka wa White kuyenda mu Russia. Pomwepo anasonyeza mtsogoleri wokangalika ndi mtsogoleri nkhondo, anapambana chigonjetso zingapo zofunika pa Bolsheviks. Komabe, pachimake cha ulemerero wake ndale ndi pa nkhondo anabwera pafupi, 1919.

motsatana onse atsopano ndi zinthu zosayembekezereka anabweretsa mu 1918 mbiri Russia. Events anathamangira, popanda kuchepetsa mayendedwe.

Chilango cha Romanovs

Chimodzi mwa zochitika kwambiri maganizo a anthu amene amalembedwa 1918 mbiri ya Russia, anali kuphedwa ndi Bolsheviks pa July 17 Yekaterinburg, Mfumu Romanov banja, kutsogozedwa ndi kale Mfumu Nicholas II. Kufikira tsopano, mbiri yakale osati anavomera mmene yoyenera anali kuchita izi chiwawa kapena umaimiridwa ndi mamembala anataya kutchuka kwake pakati pa anthu a mafumu ndi owononga mphamvu Union.

separatism National

1918 mbiri Russian komanso zinali zodzaza ndi kuwuka kwa separatism dziko m'madera amene anali gawo la Romanov ufumu. Mmodzi boma formations pa bwinja la ufumuwo anakwanitsa kuteteza ufulu wodzilamulira (Poland, Finland, mayiko Baltic), pamene ena anakakamizika cede mwayokha pa nkhondoyo lolemera (UPR, Georgia), ndi ena ambiri anali zopeka, sanakhalepo ndi mphamvu yeniyeni chida (BPR) chachinayi Ndipotu, ndi Kanema wa Soviet Russia (a Far East Republic, ndi Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Republic ndi LitBel T. h.).

The zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri m'chaka cha 1918 mbiri ya Ukraine. Apa kulimbana kwa mphamvu Chiyukireniya dziko boma (UPR), m'malo mwake Hetman Skoropadsky, Denikin a Muzikonza Army, Red Army wa Bolsheviks ndi anarchist osiyanasiyana, ndipo ngakhale zigawenga magulu okhala ndi zida.

lodziwika umunthu

Zonse mwa zochitika pamwamba sizikanakhoza kuchitika popanda zochita za anthu enieni. Dziwani izi, amene amakhala kusonkhezera zinthu, zomwe anapanga mu 1918 mbiri ya Russia, amene Akulamulira n'kutsogolera, anapanga mlengalenga ndale.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi anthu a mphamvu Soviet. Kumene, kowonekera kwambiri pa zochitika mbali zaperekedwa Vladimir Ilich Lenin, amene anali pa nthawi yomweyo mtsogoleri wa Bolshevik Party ndi boma la Soviet. Zinali iye zimadalira zochitika zimene zinachititsa 1918 kunasintha mbiri Russian. Lenin chithunzi Tingaone pansipa.

Komanso, mbali yofunika nyimbo ndi ntchito za chipani monga Leon Trotsky, Lev Kamenev, Felix Dzerzhinsky, anakhala zambiri kunenepa Iosif Stalin. Komanso, mu zotsatirazi nthawi wotchuka atsogoleri la Red Army monga Basil CHapaev, Mikhail Frunze, Gregory Kotovskij ndi ena.

The okonza achangu pa White kayendedwe, monga tatchulazi, anali Lavr Kornilov ndi Anton Denikin, ndipo pofika cha 1918 anasamukira asilikali Alexander Kolchak.

zotsatira

Choncho, pofika kumapeto kwa 1918 wamng'ono boma Soviet unali utazunguliridwa ndi adani, amene unapangidwa kuchokera oimira White kayendedwe, magulu m'dera mitundu ndi m'derali. Kulimbana anangobatizidwa tangoyamba, koma boma Soviet anapanga chinthu chachikulu - kupewa mavuto yoweyula loyamba la adani. Mfundo imeneyi, komanso kugawikana adani a Bolsheviks, tinganene kuti lotseguka nkhondo pakati pawo, zinachititsa chakuti tsogolo la dziko patadutsa zaka 70 linasindikizidwa. Komabe, zotsatira za chaka wosaiwalika anamva ngakhale tsopano.