Muscovy: Kutilenga ndi chikhalidwe cha masiku ano

Muscovy kapena Moscovia - ndi Russian dzina nthawi kuyambira chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Ivan III (1478) mpaka kulanda likulu boma St. Petersburg (1712). Nthawi zina malire nthawi 1547 chaka.

Mwambo wotchedwa Russia pamaso Peter Wamkulu Moscow ufumu ayamba ndipo mothandizidwa ndi mbiri yakale wa m'zaka za m'ma 19, amene zochokera chakuti mitu mosinthana. Asayansi nyengo Soviet ayamba dzina ili.

Mu ulamuliro wa Ivan m'khutu, lingaliro la "Muscovy" otchulidwa mwa tanthauzo la ku Moscow ukulu monga mbali ya Russian Ufumu.

The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe boma Russian, amene, kuwonjezera pa ukulu wa Moscow, linali Republic of Novgorod, ndi Yaroslavl, Tver, Rostov, mwina ku Ryazan ukulu ndi mzinda Chernihiv, Bryansk, Novgorod-Seversky, motsogoleredwa chitukuko cha makhalidwe onse chikhalidwe ndi mapangidwe wapadera "boma chikhalidwe".

Dzuwa litalowa, ndi Kievan Lazaro chikhalidwe cha Muscovy chinayamba pa njira yapadera kwambiri. Iwo anali osavomerezeka ndi njira lathu kumayiko Mkhristu kumadzulo. Mapangidwe makhalidwe chikhalidwe chifukwa makamaka zinthu dera ndale. Russian State sanagwirizane kapena kumadzulo kapena malangizo kum'mawa chitukuko mbiri. Koma odzipereka Komabe, ambiri mwa zinthu zikhalidwe zonse. Komanso chitukuko cha dziko zimakhudza mpingo Orthodox ndi miyambo yachikunja.

Muscovy anali kwambiri ndi Golden gulu. Pa dzanja limodzi, ndi Chitata Mongol goli kwambiri mochedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko Russian, mzinda anali ataphedwa, anataya zamanja ambiri ndi ulimi chikhalidwe. dziko anaponyedwa kumbuyo mu nthawi. Komano zosiyanasiyana kugona ndi gulu anatumiza ku dziko la chitukuko cha njira yonse yatsopano.

Choncho, dongosolo umoyo-ndale Muscovy 15 m'ma anasenza amaonekera kwa wamphamvu chikoka kalelo. Izi anawonetseredwa mu dongosolo wankhanza kulamulira moyo ambiri.

Zinthu zambiri za dziko, khalidwe la akale Russia, anapanga mchikakamizo cha East. Komanso, ndi kugwa kwa Constantinople, Russia akadziwa wokha ngati wotetezera yokha ya ziphunzitso ndi ngakhale kutali ku mayiko a kumadzulo m'lingaliro chikhalidwe.

Chifukwa cha mmene mfundo zonsezi, boma Muscovite m'zaka za m'ma 16, yodziwika ndi zinthu zotsatirazi chikhalidwe ndi adzadziwire dziko.

Khalidwe la uzimu wa East pamodzi ndi chikhumbo cha ufulu wa chibadidwe anthu a Kumadzulo.

Pankhaniyi, kuzunza unali wochepa kutchulidwa collectivism adalakika. Orthodoxy anali kutithandiza kuona mapangidwe mtima. Choncho, wamkulu mtengo wa makhalidwe kuthi monga wodzipereka kusadziona kukhala wopambana ena, kulandira tsoka lake.

Mu dongosolo mtengo wa munthu nthawi imodzi malo chapakati ndi kulamulidwa ndi boma ndi zofuna za mtundu. Lingaliro la dziko wakhala wofunika kwambiri anthu Russian.

Ku maganizo a chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha m'ma 17 ndi inasintha. Kusintha kachitidwe ka mfundo worldview. M'malo mwa maganizo cyclical wa nthawi mfundo monga m'mbuyomu, panopa ndi m'tsogolo.

Moscow State mu zaka 16-17 anapita mwa mapangidwe khalidwe la dziko monga kuphatikiza khola la zinthu zimene zimaonetsa mtundu. M'zaka 17, kuphatikiza amakhala noticeable, ndipo anayamba kufotokoza zikhalidwe zina.

Komanso, pa ufumu Moscow ndi ndondomeko achire luso ku zochita za malamulo mpingo. M'zaka za m'ma 16 analenga lalikulu amafotokoza ntchito ndi folklore epics kubwera m'malo buku mbiri.

M'zaka za m'ma 17 zizindikiro loyamba anayamba kutuluka a chikhalidwe chatsopano nthawi.

Tikhoza kunena kuti pa 14 kufika m'ma 17 ku Muscovy zinachitika mapangidwe Wamkulu ethnos Russian ndi mbali yake yaikulu. nthawi iri yodziwika ndi kukhalanso a tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox. kusintha kwakhudza pa pofuna kukwaniritsa Russia.