Papa Yohane XXIII: zotsatira za ntchito

Papa - malo apamwamba mu dziko Katolika, ndi mutu owoneka a Mpingo, kachikhulupiriro zamulungu ndipo ovomerezeka. Popeza udindo mkulu wa pontifi woyera ndi pa nthawi yomweyo, mutu wa mfumu Vatican State, onse amene anavala udindo mkulu, angatchedwe umunthu wochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Koma ngakhale mwa mbadwa mpingo anthu makamaka kwambiri, mbiri kwamuyaya.

Izi zikhoza unambiguously zimachitika Papa Yohane XXIII. kusankha Kwake kwa mpando wachifumu anali oopsa, olemba mbiri kuchita zinthu mbiri ya tchalitchi cha Katolika nyengo patsogolo pa msonkhano wachiwiri wa Vatican, msonkhano ndi John XXIII, ndi nthawi pambuyo.
mfundo anzeru ndi mpandawo zachititsa kuti chitsitsimutso cha kholo la chikhulupiriro anthu kuli, mu ubwino ndi chilungamo. Ndi chikhulupiriro choona anali pafupifupi litakwiliridwa pansi pa mbalume wosatha chipembedzo, malamulo akufa chilungamo ndi ziphunzitso chakale.

Wambiri woyera pamaso chisankho chake kuti apapa anali

Papa Yohane XXIII, mu dziko Andzhelo Dzhuzeppe Roncalli, amene wabwera kuchokera osauka, lalikulu wamba banja. Iye anabadwa mu dziko la Italy kuchigawo kwabasi wa Bergamo mu 1881.

Kale mu zaka zoyambirira akuphunzira kusukulu ya pulayimale akuzigawo mlimi wachinyamata akukonzekera kulowa seminare. Mothandizidwa ndi Wansembe, mnyamata anaphunzira Latin. Iye bwinobwino maphunziro seminare mu Bergamo mu 1900, ndipo patapita zaka zinayi, ndi Theological luso la Pontifical Seminary ku Rome. Mu 1904 iye ndinadzozedwa wansembe anakhala mlembi wa bishopu D. Radin Tedeschi. Akhaapfundzisambo mbiri ya chipembedzo mu seminare chomwecho mu Bergamo.

Pa First World nkhondo anakagwira asilikali a zachipatala molongosoka kuchipatala, ndiye wansembe asilikali. Mu 1921, Andzhelo Dzhuzeppe Roncalli anali membala wa Mpingo Wopatulika wa chikhulupiriro.

Papa Yohane XXIII: zamtendere ntchito, Nunciature, kukhazikitsa mtendere

Roncalli bwino ngati kazembe wa upapa (nthumwi yaikulu) Tifunikanso mwapadera. Mkulu kulolerana, nzeru ndi erudition nthumwi chinamuthandiza bwinobwino kulankhula ndi anthu a zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana, zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo ndi miyambo. Iye anati anthu safuna kulankhula chinenero cha chiphunzitso, nsonga wabwino ndi taboos, ndi chinenero cha kulemekezana, kumvetsera maganizo osiyanasiyana, kuvomereza kukhalako kwa choonadi angapo m'dzina la ubwino ndi mtendere.

Pa bishopu kuchokera 1925 mpaka 1953, iye anali nthumwi yaikulu mu Sofia, Ankara, Athens ndi Paris. Ntchito yake razvertelas zamtendere mu zaka ovuta, amene anatsagana ndi zochita nkhondo, kusintha, kusintha kwa boma, etc. anathandizira mwamtendere kuthetsa kusamvana pa milingo yosiyanasiyana - .. Kuchokera mabanja zikhulupiriro zina ndi nkhani zandale.

Ndipo mu 1953, Roncalli anasankhidwa kholo la Venice, Cardinal.

John XXIII: chiyambi cha utumiki

kusankha Papa mu 1958 sizinali zophweka ndipo anali kunena zinthu zovuta utsogoleri wa Roma Curia. Kulimbana malo wa umutu wapamwamba imachitika makamaka pakati pa Aiguputo: makadinala-osafuna kusintha ndi "progressives." Aliyense anali phungu yake, koma palibe amene sanapatsidwe okwanira mavoti.

Pomaliza, pa kuzungulira 11 a Msonkhano wapadera ndi anasankhidwa Papa Roncalli, "mdima kavalo" mwa makadinala ntchito. Iye anakhala papa wamkulu osankhidwa pa nthawi (zaka 77.) Roncalli anasankha dzina papa John XXIII. Chotchuka kamodzi mwa abambo dzina anali ngati "temberero". Lisanaperekedwe, zaka 550 palibe pontiffs anasankha dzina achipembedzo John ngati odious Yohane XXIII Balthazar Cossa - Antipope - wotchedwa yekha. Koma Roncalli ananenetsa kuti iye sasunga dzina limeneli ulemu wa St. Ioanna Predtechi ndi Mtumwi Ioanna Bogoslova , ndipo pokumbukira bambo ake. Iye anakhalabe pa ubwenzi wabwino ndi makolo awo, abale ndi alongo magawo onse a ntchito zampingo. Kholo lakale ananenanso kuti John XXIII (Antipope) sanali yovomerezeka Papa, monga "malamulo" pa magawano Western, anali wochimwa oipa, ndipo analibe ufulu kuvala dzina oyera.

Kusankha kwa Papa John XXIII anali ngati chinthu yokakamiza, pamene palibe khama lalikulu analephera kuti apeze mavoti okwanira mwa makadinala a. John XXIII Baden anali "Transitional papa", amene amayenera kulamulira mpaka Mpingo wa Katolika sanali kudziwa njira yomaliza ya Nazi (ndiwofatsa kapena mwapang'onopang'ono). Mwinamwake pokhazikitsa mfundo imene Makadinolo ankaimba ndi chakuti ulamuliro John sanaganizire nthaŵi yaitali, chifukwa iye anali kale ndi zaka 77. Koma Ndipotu, "kudutsa abambo" anakhala mwambo chithunzi mu dziko la chikristu, kwambiri proactive chithunzi cha nthawi yake. Pa yochepa pontificate wake, iye anali wokhoza kuti atchule zambiri kusintha kwakukulu.

mundondomeko Papa Church

Monga dokotala usilikali, ndiye nthumwi yaikulu, John XXIII anaona, anamva ndi ozindikira kwambiri choonadi zotsutsana, anakumana ndi mavuto modetsa nkhawa chikhalidwe, kulankhulana ndi anthu a zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana, awona zochuluka za imfa, nkhondo, chiwonongeko. Iye ndi munthu amene amadziwa mmene anthu akukumana nazo nkhondo yovuta ndi zaka unawonongedwa a owononga: umphawi, matenda, umphawi. Ndipo iye ankadziwa kuti chisoni, chikondi, kulambira zomveka choonadi, monga ubwino, chilungamo ndi chikhulupiriro mu bwino - izi ndi zimene anthu amayembekezera kwa mpingo, osati malamulo zonse, miyambi, nidzalambira pamaso makolo akale.

Adadi anali wamphamvu kwambiri munthu, iye anapita ku Vatican popanda retinue, iye sanagwiritse ntchito udindo wake kulimbikitsa banja kapenanso anzanu mu mabwalo andale ndi achipembedzo. Iye sanali amakana kukumana ndi ambuye kapena ogwira ntchito ndi kumwa pa msewu. Koma ngakhale eccentricity, iye okhulupirika ku malamulo a Mulungu.

Iye anazindikira kuti choonadi cha malamulo a Mulungu angathe kubweretsa kwa anthu akakhala ndi Akhristu m'chinenero chawo, kumvetsera maganizo amaona ena, okhulupirira anzathu.

Iye anathetsa genuflection, ndi kupsompsona chikhalidwe mphete, analamula kuchotsa kuchokera lotanthauzira mawu maluwa a mtundu "glubokochtimy pakamwa" ndi "The mmonke Mapazi".

Bambo anatsegula dziko mpingo. Ngati, mu mibadwo yonse ndi mu zoyambirira za mazana makumi awiri, Chikatolika anali kugwirizana ndi authoritarianism, pambuyo ulamuliro wake, zinthu wasamuka kuchoka mfundo akufa. mpingo anapitiriza kupambana kumbuyo chinsinsi ndale, ntchito maganizo, koma ulamuliro wa atsogoleri anasiya kukhala inviolable.

Kuwonjezera pa pafupi kukambirana yapakati-achipembedzo, Yohane XXIII - World Adadi - anayambitsa ndondomeko zatsopano pofuna kuthana ndi oimira zipembedzo zonse osapembedza. Iye ananena mfundo kulemekeza mphepo awo zinthu, miyambo chikhalidwe, miyambo, maganizo chikhalidwe.

Choyamba analipira kudzacheza ku Yerusalemu, ananena kupepesa kwa Ayuda kwa zaka zambiri kuzunzidwa, chiwawa, odana Semitism. Latsopano papa boma anavomereza kuti atamunamizira Ayuda imfa ya Yesu Khristu ndi zoona ndi latsopano Catholic utsogoleri sanali nawo.

Papa Yohane XXIII analengeza kuti anthu onse ayenera kugwirizanitsa dziko, chikhulupiriro chabwino mu ulemu bwino mgwirizano, chilakolako kupulumutsa miyoyo anthu, osati kukhulupirika kwa malamulo a. Iye mwina anali munthu woyamba wa mitu yonse ya Vatican anavomereza kuti si zofunika kwambiri, zomwe chinenero wochititsidwa utumiki mpingo, kapena kukhala. Padre zimenezo yake ndi chilungamo anafotokoza chakuti mpingo, m'malo alinkuyanjanitsa anthu kuti iwo labwino ndiponso zogwirizana, zambiri za confuses awo ndi limagaŵikira, kusonyeza kuti muyenera kutsatira mndandanda yeniyeni M'zipembedzo zosiyana kwa chipembedzo chirichonse: bwino kuti abatizidwe, tiweramitse molondola ndi zinthu tchalitchi.

Iye anati: "Mu miyambo tchalitchi mpingo umene umalamulira stale mpweya mwandele, muyenera kutsegula zenera pang'ono onse."

Ku msonkhano wachiwiri wa Vatican

Papa Yohane XXIII kwathunthu anabweretsa chiyembekeza makadinala ndi Curia ulamuliro wake wodzichepetsa ndale, pasanathe masiku 90 pambuyo ntchito ya upapa, ndi Papa anafotokoza cholinga chake lachiweruzo ndi bungwe la ecumenical. Zimene sanali Makadinolo kuvomereza. Iwo ananena kuti mpaka 1963 kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri kukonzekera ndi lachiweruzo ndi Council, pa Papa anati chabwino, ndiye kukonzekera kwa 1962.

Ngakhale pamaso tchalitchi Giovanni anauzidwa kuti ali ndi khansa, koma iye anakana ntchito yowopsa chifukwa iye ankafuna kuti tikhale tsiku lenileni pamene kutsegula kwa Cathedral Kudandaula anthu oona mtima kupempha mtendere, kukoma mtima ndi chifundo.

Cholinga cha tchalitchi anali atengere Mpingo ano, mabwenzi, kukambirana, ndipo mwina kugwirizanitsa ndi Dipatimenti ya Akhristu. Pa Cathedral ku anaitanidwa Akuluakulu a Orthodox ku Greece, Russia, Poland, Yerusalemu.

The chifukwa cha Vatican II, imene inatha pambuyo pa imfa ya Papa Yohane XXIII, anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa latsopano ubusa malamulo "Joy ndi Hope", pomwe njira yatsopano ya maphunziro achipembedzo akhala ankaona kuti ufulu wa chikhulupiriro ndi maganizo mipingo omwe sanali Akhristu.

Zotsatira ndi kufufuza

N'zoona ntchito wabwino wa Pontifex Maximus akhoza amanena otsatira ake Patapita zaka zingapo. Koma aliyense amene adzasonkhanitsa n'cigwagwa zotsatira za ulamuliro wake, ndithu kuyembekezera osakaniza zodabwitsa mmene chinachake pang'ono kusangalala komanso kudabwa. Ndipotu, zotsatira za ntchito ya Papa ali achipambano.

Inu mukanakhoza kunena kuti iye azikopa dziko Katolika kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pa imfa yake. Atamva matenda osachiritsika, Papa Yohane XXIII covertly kukonza m'malo mwake Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, amene anakhala mfumu yatsopano Papa Yohane anamaliza tchalitchi wachiwiri ndipo anapitiriza zinthu zazikulu zabwino za mbuye wake.

Mumadziwika andale Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Samuel Huntington, anatsindika udindo wa mpingo mu chitukuko cha anthu mu zaka mazana makumi awiri. Makamaka chimene ntchito anachita ndondomeko imeneyi ndi Papa Yohane XXIII, zotsatira za ntchito ya papa chachikulu ichi komanso anali zikupezeka mu chitukuko cha demokalase padziko lonse.

Sv wanga lalifupi "ntchito" pa mpandowachifumu wa Katolika Papa chikalata 8 zikalata wapadera papa (encyclicals). Mu nawo, maganizo atsopano a Mpingo wa Katolika pa udindo wa mbusa amakono anthu, umayi, mtendere, patsogolo. November 11, 1961 iye chikalata encyclicals "Wamuyaya Divine Nzeru" omwe anasonyeza zabwino maganizo ife ecumenism - umodzi wa mfundo vsehristianskogo. Anauzira Orthodox ndi Greek Catholic Mkhristu "abale".

Papa Giovanni XXIII ubale kwa sosholisimu

Ngakhale John XXIII amatchedwa "Papa wa Mtendere" kapena "Red Papa" chifukwa cha mtima wake wololera kwa maiko zokomera ndi chilakolako litsatira ngati "sosholisimu achipembedzo". Iye anatsindika kuti athandize anthu onse ziyenera kuchokera pa ufulu, zifuniro komanso udindo wa munthu aliyense, koma amatsatila malamulo a khalidwe ndi zampingo. Mbusa ananena kuti maziko a yankho la mavuto a anthu ayenera mfundo thandizo mwagwirizana ndi umunthu. Iye ananenanso mokomera ufulu wa kusankha ntchito, chifukwa chololera kuzindikira mwayi ofanana kwa anthu a m'mayiko onse.

Tikumbukenso kuti zinthu zakuthupi ndi chikominisi maganizo ndiye nthawi zonse anazikankhira pambali ndi mpingo wa Katolika ngati achikunja. Papa Yohane XXIII anasonyezanso nzeru kuposa kale lonse, akuthandiza asapita zamtendere ndi Cuba, Soviet Union, monga woyenera wa boma Vatican. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anatsindika kuti Mulimonsemo sanavomereze maganizo kulibe Mulungu, ndipo pali Mkatolika woona ndi "mtumiki wa Mulungu." Koma nthawi yomweyo kulemekeza maganizo mtundu wa anthu onse a dziko. Ndipo ikufotokozanso za udindo wa kulemekezana ndiponso kulolerana kupewa mikangano kapena nkhondo.

M'mawu ake celebratory, John XXIII anaitana zinthu zazikulu ndi wofunika wabwino mu dziko. Mu ulamuliro wake wa Vatican watha kukhala opondereza manowa wokhulupirika miyambo ya gulu la akufa, ndipo inasanduka ndi odalirika bungwe kachipembedzo, zinapatsira ndi sverhneytraliteta mzimu.

April 11, 1963 Papa chikalata encyclicals "Mtendere Padziko Lapansi" umene lolunjika pa Affairs Social, wotchedwa kufunika kwa kukambirana pakati Nazi ndi capitalists, ndi lolunjika pa mfundo yakuti palibe zotsutsana maganizo amene sangathe kuthetsedwa, ngati tichita zinthu mu dzina la mtendere ndi chilungamo.

Adani a pontifi mfundo John XXIII

Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti adani a John XXIII Baden ndipo sadzatha kuti apeze, chifukwa pa chisankho chake, papa chancery wodzisunga ziyenera a msinkhu wake ndi ukupeza. Kuwonjezera chosalowerera ndale zake ndi kulolerana kuderako. Iye anali kuoneka ngati Statement zoterozo Padre okalamba akumidzi ndi kubanja losauka, eccentric wachikulire abwino chikhalidwe chabe. Koma makadinala mu Msonkhano wapadera ndi saganizira kwambiri kulimbikira chikhulupiriro ndi changu kwa chilengedwe cha ntchito zabwino.

Initiative, ndi encyclical Papa anali sakulabadira ndi Mpingo wa Katolika wa "dziko lachitatu", koma Rome ndi Vatican makadinala anakumbatira zambiri kusintha, kuti nachiyika modekha, zoipa.

More mu bungwe mpingo nthawizonse wakhala "mwamphamvu kusintha." Ndi yemweyo Papa Yohane XXIII anayambitsa chiyembekezo chakuti a mpingo ambiri ndi maulemu ngati "adatchithisira" ulamuliro wa abusa a Chikatolika. Ambiri zionetsero za anafuulira atumiki a Vatican, Office Woyera.

Imfa ya papa, ndi canonization, canonization

June 3, 1963 anamwalira, Papa Yohane XXIII. thupi papa anakonza thupi pomwepo pa University Katolika wa Mtima Woyera wa Yesu Gennaro minnow ndi m'manda mu grottoes chachikulu cha St. Petro.

Lero, zotsalira za Padre kusungidwa mu bokosi galasi mu tchalitchi cha Cathedral St. Peter ku Rome. Mu 2000, Papa Yohane Paulo II ali pachikhalidwe kuloŵedwa m'malo ulemerero kwa beatified, ndipo mu 2014 awiriwo ananenedwa kukhala oyera mtima. Mpingo wa Katolika amalemekeza kukumbukira Papa Giovanni XXIII, holide pomulemekeza pa October 11.

A filimu za Papa Yohane XXIII

Mu mokwanira kuthokoza lodziwika bwino Papa Giovanni XXIII, chopereka ake chitukuko cha chikhulupiriro, mtendere ndi chifundo aliyense mungathe, ngati inu kutsatira malangizo ake, anatenga zinthu zingapo zofuna chitukuko ndi chifundo. Koma chifukwa cha njira zikuluzikulu kuthokoza papa misonkhano wake angatchedwe filimu "John XXIII. Papa wa mtendere." nkhani filimu za 2002 Dzhuzeppe Ronkalli, kuphatikizapo ubwana wake mu Bergamo, sukulu, ntchito mpingo ndi ntchito pa mpando papa. Wozizwitsawu mumlengalenga Italy filimu ayendetsa Dzhordzhio Kapitani MOKHOZA zimanyezimiritsa khalidwe la Papa, kudzipereka kwake zolinga za unyamata, ufulu, kulolerana mwagwirizana ndi kulolera.