Zochita zachipembedzo: zitsanzo. Chilamulo ndi malamulo achipembedzo

Kubverana siyana malamulo ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi za chikumbumtima ndi imodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri jurisprudence. Pofunafuna kupatukana magulu awa kapena kwa zaka zambiri, kapena, mu Mulimonsemo, kukhazikitsa bwino yolondola. Koma lero vuto ili kutali ndi kuthetsedwa.

makhalidwe achipembedzo ndi malamulo

Kuti malamulo choyenera ndi chipembedzo yogwirizana, iwo anazindikira mwa akatswiri ambiri kwa wina ndi mzake. Mu Russia, mwina yekha oimira ambiri kwakukulu chiphunzitso libertarian (V. Chetvernin, N. Varlamov ndi ena) amakonda kawetedwe makhalidwe kumalo ozizira ndi malamulo, amapita malire a munda malamulo malamulo achipembedzo. Perekani zitsanzo zosonyeza kuti likukhalira zoipa, chifukwa ngakhale kutchulidwa malamulo mfundo libertarians - mfundo ufulu - ali mizu zoonekeratu chikumbumtima ndi kupitirira malire a chikhalidwe zoona, zimapangitsa sazindikira. Komano n'zoonekeratu kuti iye amadziŵa maganizo a M'zipembedzo. Mfundo zabwino ndi zoipa Kodi osadzuka balamanthu. Ndi chifukwa cha mchitidwe anthu anapereka chipembedzo china chilichonse, koma pa nthawi, amayamba ndi malamulo achipembedzo. Ngati malamulo amenewa ali wamphamvu kwambiri malamulo, ngati anatsimikiza kuti pali zifukwa kulankhula za "Chabwino achipembedzo", monga analimbikitsa ndi loya wotchuka Mnazareti Davide. Mbiri yakale, ntchito ya ufulu wachipembedzo yaikulu masiku ano zinthu sichidziwika bwino, pali mizinda ochepa.

Mbali yaikulu ya ufulu wachipembedzo

Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya ufulu wachipembedzo kuti gwero la malamulo onse anazindikira mtima zoposa, m'mabukhu a wopatulika, amene amatengedwa kuti magwero a malamulo achipembedzo. Kukhazikitsa yonena sangathe kukayika, ndi kuchita chilichonse ayi munthu ayesedwa malinga ndi izo. Dongosolo lonse malamulo Pamlingo waukulu motsogozedwa ndi chiphunzitso cha chipembedzo. Kwenikweni, yotsirizira ndi kusintha zenizeni pa mutu wa lamulo la zolengedwa (Spinoza, Zh. Zh. Russo, Kant), amene, malinga ndi okhazikika bwino mwambo sayansi, malamulo chilekano ndi lamulo. The bwino kudalira phindu Cholinga cha anthu, lamulo Choncho mfundo izi zimapangitsa izo yovomerezeka. Mosiyana ndi malamulo anafotokoza ndi zosayenera (monga mankhwala a ntchito boma) ya malamulo cholinga.

Mbiri ndi chi zitsanzo za ufulu wachipembedzo

The peculiarity wa ufulu wachipembedzo kuti ngati "lamulo cholinga" kubwera mwakale, kuzindikira "zoposa" analembedwa mabuku opatulika. Classic zitsanzo za malamulo a chipembedzo ndi malamulo a malemu Middle Ages, anali maziko a kusaka mabwalo (makamaka Germany, kumene nthaka "malamulo" kusaka makhoti ndiwo anawerengedwa mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri), kachitidwe ambiri akale malamulo, monga wotchuka "Avesta" wakuuzani Kuthi pa maziko a postulates lodziwika bwino Ahura Mazida, kuwulula malamulo achipembedzo. Zitsanzo za nthawi zambiri lolankhulalankhula: ngakhale galu zikuoneka ngati nkhani ya ufulu.

Mu masiku ano bwino kwambiri ufulu wachipembedzo ndi nchito m'mabwalo a Sharia ndi mayiko kumene M'zipembedzo ndi maziko a lamulo, mwachitsanzo mu Iran.

Ufulu wachipembedzo ndi Amitundu

Nthawi zambiri mbali ya kumanja achipembedzo kuti ukugwira okha dera la coreligionists. Amitundu ndi kosamugonjera malamulo a chipembedzo. Mwina nkhani kuti athamangitsidwe, ndipo ngakhale chiwonongeko thupi, ngati zinthu ndi kulambira kwawo sawalola akuluakulu boma (zitsanzo za ichi - ndi athamangitsidwe wa Ayuda Mkhristu Spain mu 1492, athamangitsidwe wa ku Armenia ndi ku Turkey mu 1915, ndi zina zotero), kapena Amitundu chabe anasonyeza kunja malamulo a chipembedzo dongosolo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Iran ano, zipembedzo izi lamulo: chifukwa wokhulupirika pali chiletso mowa, ndi kwa anthu European kapena Ayuda zosiyana. chifukwa nthawi zambiri kuti anthu a chikhulupiriro chowona angathe kupita kumwamba ngati miyambo yonse ndi malamulo, ndi kwa amitundu kale anasankha awo, motero, popeza mizimu yawo sangathe kusamalira. Komabe, sitiyenera kunyozera mbiri ndi chipembedzo cha makolo, nthawi zambiri ulembedwe mokoma lamulo.

Chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe zamakono

Ngati "chakale" Chabwino achipembedzo m'mbiri yamakono ndi kupatulapo m'malo funso kugwirizana pakati pa chilamulo ndi makhalidwe abwino, amenenso Pamlingo waukulu zachokera miyambo yachipembedzo ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri jurisprudence. Mwinamwake ndi chofunika kwambiri nkhani. Zoonadi, kaya choyenera ubale umene unalipo ponseponse (akamaona chikhalidwe)? Kapena kumanja zitha ankamuona ngati chinachake pansi pa malo ndi koyenela? Kunena mwachidule, ngati lamulo aliyense wa mfumu, kaya chigawo ake zachinyengo, ndi kachitidwe malamulo? Dongosolo la malamulo a chipembedzo cha funso limeneli si uka, chifukwa palibe mfumu sanayese n'komwe kukhazikitsa lamulo mwake malembo. Chinthu china - malamulo aboma, amene ali zifukwa zina. Wosazindikira funso: "Ngati mfumu kapena boma apereke lamulo liyenela kuphedwa kwa anthu onse a m'dziko, ngati lamulo mwalamulo" Ngati inde - dongosolo malamulo ndi chotheka. Ngati ayi - pamene malire a ulamuliro malamulo ndi mmene atsimikiza? Pa nthawiyi, pali mayankho angapo njira kuti sayansi yamakono.

chiphunzitso legistskih

Oimira chiphunzitso chimenechi zachokera makhalidwe a malingaliro za mmene ikukhudzana malamulo lamanja ndi chipembedzo, monga zichokera kupatulika kwa lamulo. Magwero ake chibwenzi kumbuyo kwa ochiritsa wakale Chinese malamulo. malamulo malamulo musati amafuna kukambirana ndi ndemanga, iwo kuitenga mopepuka. Mwalamulo akhoza kukhala mbali ya kumanja achipembedzo, koma ubale ndi amphamvu: monga ulamuliro, malamulo a chipembedzo amalola kusintha malamulo awo bwino zigwirizane ndi mzimu wa mbewu Mulungu. Mwanjira imeneyi, Mwalamulo, m'malo absolutizes lamulo chikhalidwe osati chipembedzo.

chiphunzitso ofunda

chiphunzitso Zimenezi njira yake imasonyeza kuti miyambo ndi zikhulupiliro chipembedzo chotero. Zitsanzo zikhoza kukhala zosiyana, koma makamaka kuti amagwirizana ndi dzina la Kelsen.

Iye anakhulupirira kuti bwino - ndi zina malamulo okhazikika, boma ndi anthu. Ngati anthu amamuchititsa kuvomereza kuti ufulu wa makhalidwe abwino achipembedzo - ndi anthu malamulo. Ngati utenga makhalidwe odana ndi chipembedzo (mwachitsanzo, achifwamba polojekitiyo Union kapena Nazi makhalidwe unsembe Hitler) - alinso anthu malamulo ofotokoza, ziribe kanthu momwe zachisoni kulankhula za izo. Akuti Kelsen zigawo koyenela kuchotsedwa kwa m'mabokosi ubale malamulo. Pakuti ichi, chiphunzitso wake wakhala mobwerezabwereza kudzudzulidwa pamaso pa mfundo zina malamulo.

Yusnaturalizm (lamulo la zolengedwa)

Yusnaturalizma ubale kwa malamulo a chipembedzo ndi yosiyana. Nthawi zambiri - mpaka tsopano - mbali yusnaturalizma monga achipembedzo Zamakhalidwe enshrined pafupifupi chipembedzo ( "Usaphe," "Usabe," etc ...) Mu mndandanda wa malamulo achilengedwe a anthu kuti ayenera chimatanthauza contours a chithunzi malamulo a nyengo iliyonse .

chiphunzitso positivist

Chiphunzitsochi - mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri moyo wamakono, Mulimonsemo, mu moyo wa Russia lero - zochokera chakuti lamulo amakhazikitsa ena mwachibadwa anayamba m'dziko lino nyengo mfundo. The chiŵerengero cha positivism malamulo makhalidwe abwino achipembedzo ndi malamulo a chipembedzo m'njira ziwiri: pa dzanja limodzi, positivism amaona zinachitikira achipembedzo, pa zina - zawozo ngati zinthu zasintha, ngati ntchitoyo ikutha kuchita lolamulira malamulo achipembedzo. Zitsanzo zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwambiri. Choncho, positivism malamulo ndi n'ngovuta ndi Soviet (odana ndi chipembedzo), ndi zinthu pambuyo Soviet.

chiphunzitso aufulu

Nthumwi yowala kwambiri wotchuka American theorist malamulo Lon Fuller.

Malinga Fuller, lamanja sangakhale chiwerewere. Komabe, makhalidwe a chilamulo watsimikiza malamulo umboni, yeniyeni ufulu wachipembedzo, ndipo phindu lenileni kwa aliyense wa anthu. malamulo malamulo bwino, anthu ambiri apindule nawo. chiphunzitso Fuller mwina overlaps makhalidwe abwino achipembedzo, koma mphamvu kuti umboni koyenela chilinganizo phindu bwino madera ndalama.

chiphunzitso libertarian

Chiphunzitsochi amagwirizana ndi dzina la vs Nersesyants, koma mapeto komaliza zopezera ntchito za ana ake. Mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso ndi ufulu - ndi ufulu wa munthu, malire ndi ufulu wa ena. Gululi chiphunzitso ichi amakonda kupanga malamulo achipembedzo onse ndi makhalidwe kunja kwa munda malamulo (m'nkhani ino ndiponso ankanena Nersesyants). Achipembedzo Ethics, malinga libertarians, ndi cholepheretsa kumanja, monga ankati ndi ena mfundo "konsekonse", ufulu. Pankhaniyi, Gululi chiphunzitso ichi mosamalitsa osati zindikirani chododometsa ufulu yokha, kuzindikira ngati gulu ontological, zimakhudza mwachindunji osati za chikhalidwe, komanso (mwachitsanzo, mu Christianity) kwa chipembedzo.