The zomera dziko loyamba zinali ... zomera woyamba padziko lapansi

Ife, zosiyana, pang'ono amadziwika za oimira woyamba wa dziko mbewu. Mwatsoka mafupa awo sanapeze. Koma asayansi, ntchito imprints unayambira anatsala zomera wakale, koma anapezanso maonekedwe awo, komanso takambirana mbali ya kapangidwe ka zomera, anakhala munthu woyamba okhala m'dzikolo.

Science kuti Maphunziro a mbali ya kapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito kwa zomera malasha amatchedwa "paleobotanist." Iwo paleobotanists ntchito yofunafuna mayankho a mafunso za chiyambi cha dziko mbewu.

Gulu la zomera spore

The zomera woyamba Padziko Lapansi kuchulukitsa ndi spores. Mwa zomera chi alinso zomera spore. Malinga ndi gulu, iwo amaphatikizidwa mu gulu mmodzi yekha - "zomera apamwamba spore." Zoperekazo Rhyniophyta, Zosterofilofitami, Trimsrofitami, Psilotofitami, bryophytes (Bryophytes) Likopodiofitami (lycopsids) Ekvizetofitami (Horsetail) ndi Polipodiofitami (Mumapezekanso). Pakati woyamba zigawo zitatu kwathunthu zinatha, ndi ena analemba zinatha, ndipo tsopano magulu alipo.

Rhyniophyta - zomera dziko loyamba

The zomera dziko loyamba anali oimira zomera, ndi katswiri Earth pafupifupi mamiliyoni 450. Zaka zapitazo. Inakula pafupi matupi osiyanasiyana a madzi kapena m'munda wa madzi osaya, amene anali yodziwika ndi reheating zodziwitsa ndi kuyanika mmwamba.

zomera zonse kuti katswiri dziko, pali chizindikiro wamba. Izi Chigawo cha thupi pawiri - pamwambapa nthaka ndi mobisa. nyumba imeneyi inali khalidwe la Rhyniophyta.

Zotsalira za zomera akale woyamba anatulukira mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX pa dera la Canada ano. Koma pa zifukwa zosadziwika, kafukufukuyu si chidwi akatswiri-botanists. Ndipo mu 1912, pafupi ndi Scottish m'mudzi Rayni m'dera dokotala m'mudzi anapeza zomera zingapo unayambira. Iye sanali kudziwa zomwe agwira zotsalira za anthu omwe anali oyamba dziko, koma pokhala chidwi kwambiri, ndinaganiza peruse anthu anatulukira chidwi. Atafotokoza odulidwa, anapeza bwino anasunga zotsalira za zomera. Tsinde anali woonda kwambiri, umboni, ndi thereto anali Ufumuyo njira oblong (monga, mikanda elongated) ndi makoma zokhutala. Information za chotulukira mwamsanga anafika paleobotanists amenewo ndipo anapeza kuti mabwinja anapeza ndi zomera dziko loyamba. Panali kukayikira dzina mtembo yakale. Koma pamapeto tinasankha kuti tipite ku muzingopitirira ndipo dzina lake zomera zinatha Rhyniophyta pa dzina la mudzi, pafupi amene anawapeza.

mbali structural

Kapangidwe kunja Rhyniophyta wosazindikira kwambiri. Thupi la forked mtundu dichotomous, ndiye pawiri. Masamba ndi mizu ya lero, iwo analibe. Kuika pansi ikuchitika ntchito rhizoids. Pankhani kapangidwe mkati, izo M'malo mwake, zinali zovuta kwambiri, makamaka poyerekeza ndi algae. Choncho, chophimba nsalu anali stomatal zida, imene njira kuwombola mpweya ndi madzi evaporation. Chifukwa chosadziwa minofu makina, zomera yoyamba padziko lonse anali ochepa mu msinkhu (50 cm) ndi awiri pa tsinde (za 0,5 cm).

Paleobotanists amakhulupirira kuti zomera ano m'dziko kusanduka kuchokera Rhyniophyta.

Psilophytes - zomera dziko loyamba. Kodi izi ndi zoona?

Koma palibe kuposa inde. Dzina "psilophytes" kwenikweni kuti ngakhale mu 1859. Ndi American palaeobotanist Dawson, dzina lake monga imodzi mwa mbewu anapeza. Iye anasankha njirayi, monga mwa kusandulika kwa mau amatanthauza "wamaliseche mbewu." Mpaka chiyambi cha XX psilophytes m'ma anaitana mtundu wa zomera wakale. Koma zotsatira za mtundu uwu malangizo audits ali unatha, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito dzina umenewu wakhala ineligible. Pa nthawi imeneyi mokwanira anafotokoza mtundu Reania amapereka dzina dipatimenti lonse wamkulu wa zomera lapansi. Choncho, zomera dziko loyamba anali Rhyniophyta.

oimira Chitsanzo cha zomera dziko loyamba

Mwina, zomera dziko loyamba anali Cookson ndi Reania.

Imodzi mwa oimira kwambiri wakale wa zomera anali Cookson, amene anali kuoneka yaing'ono chitsamba kutalika osati choposa 7 cm. Zachilengedwe kuwapangitsa kuti kukula pakadakhala m'madambo otsika. Mafupa Cookson ndi mitundu ake okhudzana opezeka Czech Republic, United States ndi ku madera ena a West Siberia.

Close mu zimakhalira pachibale, Reania bwino kuphunzira kuposa Cookson. thupi lake anali unyinji wochuluka: chomera kutalika akafuna kuti masentimita 50, ndi awiri a tsinde la - 5 mm. Kumapeto kwa tsinde anali rinii mzikiti, kumene kunali mikangano.

oimira wakale wa Reania wafunsira zomera yambiri ya kumadera otentha ndi mayiko. Malinga ndi gulu la masiku ano, ndi ogwirizana dipatimenti psilophytes. Ndi ochepa Ndipotu zikuphatikizapo za 20 mitundu. M'mbali zina mofanana kwambiri ndi makolo awo. Makamaka, iwo onse ndi nthambi dichotomous. Psilophytes pafupifupi kutalika kwa masentimita 25 mpaka 40.

apeza masiku ano

Mpaka posachedwapa, zokwiriridwa akupezeka m'dambo zaka zoposa miliyoni 425 okha zotsalira za wosazindikira triletnyh mkangano ndi chipolopolo yosalala. apeza amenewa anapeza m'gawo la Turkey. Iwo amatchedwa ku Upper Ordovician. zinthu anapeza akhoza sudzaonetsa kuwala pa nthawi yatsoka zomera mtima, monga iwo anali osowa ndipo anali bwinobwino kwathunthu bwinobwino mmene anachitira anthu a mitundu mbewu a kusalaza spores.

Koma si kale zotsalira odalirika triletnyh mkangano ndi chipolopolo ornamented anapezeka ku Saudi Arabia. Padatsimikiza kuti m'badwo wa zitsanzo anapeza ranges kuchokera 444 miliyoni 450. Zaka.

The zomera maluwa mtima pambuyo glaciation

Mu theka lachiwiri la Ordovician panopa Saudi Arabia ndi Turkey nkhani chakumpoto kwa supercontinent Gondwana. Izi zikuoneka unali wapachiyambi malo m'dera la zomera mtima. Long nthawi zakale iwo amakhala mu "mchikuta zamoyo zinachita," pamene dziko lokhalamo anthu ndi oimira wosazindikira ndi mossy kriptosporami ake. Ambiri mwina, misa resettlement wa zomera mtima linayamba glaciation kwambiri zimene zinachitika kumayambiriro kwa Ordovician ndi Silurian.

chiphunzitso telome

Mu maphunziro a kumeneko anali otchedwa Rhyniophyta telome chiphunzitso, amene analengedwa ndi German katswiri ZIMMERMANN. Limavumbula mbali structural Rhyniophyta, lomwe nthawi imeneyo zinali zobvomerezeka monga zomera dziko loyamba. ZIMMERMANN anawonetsedwa ndi njira akuyembekezeka kukhala vegetative zofunika ndi Ziwalo zoberekera za zomera apamwamba.

Malinga ndi wasayansi German Rhyniophyta thupi inkakhala ndi nkhwangwa radially symmetrical, nthambi osachiritsika amene Zimmerman otchedwa thupi (kuchokera telos Greek -. "Chimaliziro").

Chisinthiko mmene thupi, popeza masinthidwe ambiri anali ziwalo zikuluzikulu za zomera apamwamba: zimayambira, masamba, mizu, sporophylls.

Kotero tsopano mukhoza bwino funso "ndi woyamba zomera m'dziko chiyani?". Lero, yankho ndi lodziwikiratu. Iwo anali Rhyniophyta. Choyamba anatuluka padziko Lapansi nakhala makolo wa oimira yamakono ya zomera, ngakhale chakuti dongosolo awo kunja ndi mkati anali achikale.