Kodi chophimba nsalu? Chivundikiro nsalu: Ntchito ndi mbali structural maselo

Nsalu - akonzedwa maselo, ogwirizana ndi dongosolo ofanana ndi ntchito, ndi intercellular mankhwala. Kuyambira nsalu anapanga matupi, zimene pamapeto, kupanga dongosolo thupi. Ambiri zamoyo multicellular zigwirizana zosiyanasiyana minofu.

zosiyanasiyana

Science kuti amaphunzira minofu (histology), anafotokoza zambiri mitundu.

Mitundu ya zimakhala nyama :

• mphambano;
• akulu;
• wamanjenje;
• chophimba minofu (zaminyewa);

Mitundu ya mbewu zimakhala:

• MAPHUNZIRO (meristem);
• parenchyma;
• nsalu zofunda;
• mawotchi;
• excretory;
• conductive.

Aliyense wa mitundu ya nsalu Chili mitundu angapo.

Zosiyanasiyana minofu connective:

• wakuda;
• lotayirira;
• reticular;
• chichereŵechereŵe;
• fupa;
• mafuta;
• lymphoma;
• magazi.

Mitundu ya minofu minofu :

• kusalaza;
• striated;
• mtima.

Mitundu ya nsalu maphunziro :

• apical;
• mbali;
• intercalary.

Zosiyanasiyana nsalu conductive :

• xylem;
• phloem.

Mitundu ya minofu makina:

• kolenhima;
• sclerenchyma.

Za mitundu, kapangidwe ndi ntchito za nsalu zofunda za nyama ndi zomera tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane m'munsimu.

Features ya kapangidwe ka nsalu ❖ kuyanika. zambiri

Features ya kapangidwe ka nsalu ❖ kuyanika chifukwa ikupita. Ngakhale pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mtundu wa minofu, ali onse ofanana.

Ndi nthawi zambiri maselo pang'ono intercellular mankhwala. particles kandalama zili pafupi wina ndi mnzake. Kapangidwe ka nsalu ❖ kuyanika ndi nthawi amapereka lathu bwino maselo m'malere. Yotsirizira ndi chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi gawo ndi kumtunda nthawi ili pafupi pamwamba thupi. Chinthu china, amene amakhala ndi kapangidwe ka nsalu ❖ kuyanika, ndiye kuti bwino kusinthidwa. maselo ake kutha. Iwo amatha mofulumira nawo, chifukwa chimene minofu nthawi zonse zatsopano.

nsalu ntchito ❖ kuyanika

Choyamba amasewera ntchito zoteteza, kulekanitsa chilengedwe mkati ku dziko kunja.

Iwo kugwira kuphana ndi ntchito excretory. Nthawi zambiri, nsalu zofunda amaperekedwa ndi pores kuonetsetsa izi. Waukulu ntchito lomaliza - cholandilira.

Mtundu umodzi wa ❖ kuyanika minofu nyama - glandular epithelium - imagwira ntchito secretory.

❖ kuyanika chomera minofu

Pali mitundu itatu ya iwo:

• chachikulu;
• sekondale;
• More.

Chachikulu chivundikiro zimakhala zomera zikuphatikizapo khungu ndi exoderm. Loyamba ndilochokera padziko masamba ndi zimayambira wamng'ono, ndipo chachiwiri - pa muzu.

The sekondale ❖ kuyanika nsalu - periderm. Iye waphimba msinkhu zimayambira.

Komanso yophimba nsalu - kutumphuka kapena ritidom.

The khungu: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

Cholinga chachikulu cha mtundu wa nsalu - kupereka chitetezo cha zomera atayanika kunja. Iye anaonekera zamoyo mwamsanga pamene adafika kumtunda. Pakuti algae, ndi khungu akadali si pano, koma spore zobala zomera ndi kale.

A selo chivundikiro nsalu ya mtundu uwu ali ndi unakhuthala akunja khoma. maselo onse omwe ali pafupi zedi ndi mzake.

Zomera apamwamba padziko lonse ali ndi cuticle minofu - wosanjikiza cutin phula.

Kapangidwe ka nsalu chomera chivundikiro amapereka wapadera yaitali - stomata. N'zofunika kwa madzi, kuwombola mpweya ndi lamulo kutentha. zida Stomatal aumbike mwa maselo apadera: awiri zambiri omasuka ndi angapo mbali. maselo Alonda amasiyana zina chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha chloroplasts. Komanso, malinga awo omangidwa unakhuthala. Mbali ina ya kapangidwe ka maselo alonda - kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha mitochondria ndi leucoplasts ndi zakudya zapadera.

Stomata zomera apamwamba ili masamba, kawirikawiri pa underside wa pambali, koma ngati chomera madzi - pamwamba.

Mbali ina ya khungu - kukhalapo kwa tsitsi, kapena trichomes. Iwo mwina zigwirizana wa Gawo limodzi kapena angapo. Tsitsi kungakhale glandular ngati, mwachitsanzo, nettle.

periderm

mtundu wa nsalu chivundikiro ndi khalidwe la zomera apamwamba amene ali zimayambira zake.

Periderm tichipeza zigawo zitatu. Middle - phellogen - n'kofunika. Pamene kugawa maselo ake pang'onopang'ono anapanga kunja wosanjikiza - fellema (chubu) ndi eni - phelloderm.

Ntchito yaikulu ya periderm - ndi chitetezo ya zomera motsutsana kuwonongeka makina, malowedwe a zamoyo tizilombo, komanso kupereka kutentha yachibadwa. Ntchito yamasika amaperekedwa ndi wosanjikiza lakunja - fellemoy chifukwa maselo ake wodzazidwa ndi mpweya.

Ntchito ndiponso dongosolo la matanthwe a

Amakhala akufa maselo a khungu phellogen. Komanso nsalu zofunda ndi kunja, kuzungulira periderm lapansi.

The Ntchito yaikulu ya matanthwe a - kuteteza zomera zisaonongeke ndi kutentha.

Maselo a minofu imeneyi sangathe kuuza. Maselo monga zimakhala zina mkati wogawanika. Pang'onopang'ono kutumphuka anatambasula, potero kukula m'mimba mwake wa mtengo. Komabe, nsalu uyu ali elasticity mokwanira otsika chifukwa maselo ake adzalandira okhwima kwambiri cornified envulopu. Mu nkhani imeneyi, kutumphuka akuyamba osokoneza posachedwa.

Chivundikiro nsalu mu zinyama

Mitundu ya zimakhala pachikuto cha nyama zambiri zosiyanasiyana kuposa zomera. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Malinga kapangidwe ndi kuonetsetsa mitundu ya zimakhala chivundikiro nyama: limodzi wosanjikiza ndi Mipikisano wosanjikiza epithelium. Mawonekedwe a khungu woyamba lagawidwa kiyubiki, kuphwa ndi cylindrical. Malinga ndi ntchito za zimakhala ndi zina za matabwa ake kusiyanitsa glandular tcheru, ciliated epithelium.

Pali gulu lina la khungu - malingana ndi minofu komwe izo aumbike pa chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo lapansi. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi tingaone epidermal, enterodermalny, tselonefrodermalny, ependimoglialny ndi mitundu angiodermalny wa epithelium. Origin anapangidwa kuchokera ectoderm lapansi. Nthawi zambiri ndi Mipikisano magawo koma zimachitika ndi multilane (pseudostratified).

Enterodermalny anapangidwa kuchokera endoderm, ndi umodzi-wosanjikiza. Tselonefrodermalny anapangidwa kuchokera mesoderm. mtundu wa umodzi-wosanjikiza epithelium, zingakhale kiyubiki kapena mosabisa. Ependimoglialny - wapadera epithelium kuti mizere cavities ubongo. Iwo aumbike kwa chubu embryonic ubongo ndi wosanjikiza wosakwatiwa, kuphwa. Angiodermalny anapangidwa kuchokera mesenchyme, izo ili mbali lamkati la chotengeracho. Akatswiri ena amanena izi kuti zaminyewa minofu, ndi kugwirizana.

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito

Katundu wokutira nyama minofu bodza chakuti maselo ili pafupi kwambiri ndi mzake, pafupifupi yachabechabe intercellular.

Mbali ina - pamaso pa chapansi Kakhungu. Iwo aumbike mwa ntchito za maselo ndi minofu connective chivundikirocho. The makulidwe a Kakhungu woyambira ndi 1 micron. Amakhala ndi mbale ziwiri: kuwala ndi mdima. Woyamba ndi chuma amorphous ndi mapuloteni otsika okhutira, wolemera kashiamu ayoni, yomwe mgwirizano pakati pa maselo. Mdima mbale ali ambiri fibrillar kolajeni ndi zina nyumba kuti kupereka mphamvu kwa Kakhungu lapansi. Komanso, mu mbale mdima lili fibronectin ndi laminin, zomwe ndi zofunika kwa kusinthika kwa epithelium lapansi.

Stratified epithelium ali ndi dongosolo zovuta kuposa wosanjikiza limodzi. Mwachitsanzo, wandiweyani epithelium wa khungu tichipeza zigawo zisanu: woyambira, spinous, granular, chonyezimira ndipo tentha mthupi. Maselo a aliyense wosanjikiza dongosolo losiyana. Maselo a wosanjikiza woyambira amasiyana mawonekedwe cylindrical, spinous wosanjikiza - mu mawonekedwe a polygon, granular - rhomboid, anzeru - lathyathyathya stratum - maselo wazikang'a akufa wodzazidwa ndi keratin.

Nchito ya minofu zaminyewa - ndi kuteteza thupi motsutsana kuwonongeka makina ndi matenthedwe ku malowedwe a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mitundu ina ya epithelium ndi ntchito yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, glandular udindo katulutsidwe mahomoni ndi zinthu zina monga earwax, thukuta, mkaka, ndi ena.

Ikani osiyanasiyana epithelium mu thupi

Pakuti Kuwulura yaikulu imeneyi tebulo.

mtundu epithelium	kumene
lathyathyathya	Oral M'mimbamo, nasopharynx, kum'mero
cylindrical	The mbali lamkati la m'mimba, matumbo
kiyubiki	impso tubules
tcheru	M'mimbamo m'mphuno
ciliated	Airways
glandular	zopangitsa
multilayered	Upper khungu wosanjikiza (cuticle, khungu)

Ena mwa mitundu imeneyi ndi ntchito yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, kukhudza khungu, amene mu mphuno, ali ndi udindo kwa munthu wa mphamvu zisanu - kununkhiza.

anapezazo

Nsalu zofunda amakhala ndi zomera ndi nyama. Wachiwiri, iwo nthawi zambiri osiyanasiyana, dongosolo zovuta zambiri ndi ntchito zambiri.

❖ kuyanika chomera minofu ndi a mitundu itatu: pulayimale, sekondale ndi zina. Khalidwe yaikulu ya zomera zonse, kupatula algae, sekondale - kwa iwo amene mapulaniwo mwina lalimba zambiri - zomera ndi tsinde kwathunthu oderevenevayuschim.

Kubisa zimakhala nyama amatchedwa zaminyewa. Pali zingapo classifications chiwerengero cha zigawo mu mawonekedwe a maselo, ntchito, malinga ndi gwero la mapangidwe. Malinga ndi gulu loyamba, pali umodzi-wosanjikiza ndi Mipikisano wosanjikiza epithelium. Zazikulu wachiwiri mosabisa, kiyubiki, cylindrical, ciliated. Chachitatu - tcheru, glandular. Malinga ndi wachinayi, pali epidermal, enterodermalny, tselonefrodermalny, ependimoglialny ndi angiodermalny epithelium.

Cholinga cha mitundu yambiri ya nsalu ❖ kuyanika ndi nyama ndi zomera - kuteteza thupi ku makonzedwe alionse chilengedwe kunja, kutentha lamulo.