Minofu Maphunziro: ntchito ndi kapangidwe

Evolution wa nyama ndi zomera pang'onopang'ono zinachititsa kuti vuto la bungwe lawo. Choncho, panopa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kwambiri kotero kuti zodabwitsa. Kuvuta kuchuluka kwa kapangidwe mkati zinaonetsera nthambi iliyonse chisinthiko.

Izi makamaka zimakhudza zomera zimene anakwanitsa kusandutsa wotuluka mitundu m'munsi m'madzi anakakhala padziko lonse oimira Kumwambamwamba, ndi zovuta mkati ndi kunja dongosolo. yofunika kwambiri imeneyi nyimbo ndi chitukuko cha nyumba wapadera - pa zimakhala amapanga zambiri za ziweto za Ufumu.

Meristem: tanthauzo ndi lingaliro

Total Pali mitundu ikuluikulu asanu a zimakhala zomera zamoyo. Ena mwa iwo ndi izi:

• meristem, maphunziro kapena minofu;
• kuti katundu;
• conductive;
• mawotchi;
• zoyambirira.

Aliyense ali ndi dongosolo lapadera, osiyana mitundu ya maselo, ndipo imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa mbewu. mwapadera ayenera kukhala nsalu maphunziro, kwenikweni zinagwira pafupifupi ena onse, ndipo amapereka waukulu chosiyana mbali ya zomera ku zamoyo zina - kukula malire mu moyo.

Ngati mupereka zolondola kwachilengedwenso tanthauzo la mtundu wa nsalu, izo kumveka ngati izi: nsalu maphunziro, kapena meristem - dzina angaperekedwe kwa mtundu winawake wa minofu, zomwe zigwirizana wa mwakhama moyo wa maselo, mowirikiza kugawa ndi kuonetsetsa kukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera ambiri.

Komanso, meristems chimayambitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya minofu m'thupi. Mwachitsanzo, makina, conductive, ndi ❖ kuyanika ena. Chifukwa machiritso awo zimachitika anavulala malo pa thupi la mbewu, ayambe mofulumira nyumba anataya (masamba, zidutswa za tsinde, muzu). Tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti nsalu maphunziro - imodzi yofunika kwambiri, imene imathandiza zomera kukhalapo. Choncho, matabwa ake ndi ntchito za kupenda mosamalitsa.

Maselo minofu maphunziro. zambiri

mitundu iwiri yaikulu ya maselo tingaone, amene amapanga meristem:

1. Polygonal, kapena izodiametricheskie. Lili ndi phata lalikulu kwambiri, lomwe ali pafupifupi onse danga mkati. Ndi ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles yaing'ono anabalalikira m'zigawo cytoplasm lapansi. Chipolopolo ndi woonda zokwanira. Pakati pawo mokwanira mwachisawawa mofatsa. maselo amenewa kupanga eumeristemy. Iwo anapereka kuuka kwa mitundu ya nsalu, kuwonjezera akuchititsa.
2. Prozenhimnye maselo. Iwo M'malo mwake, vacuoles lalikulu kwambiri wodzazidwa ndi kuyamwa selo. Pakati pawo chikugwirizana achuluka kwambiri, mawonekedwe a elongate, kiyubiki kapena prismatic. Maphunziro nsalu inamangidwa ndi iwo zinagwira dongosolo conduction, Kambia ndi zomera procambium.

Motero, malingana ndi mtundu wa maselo n'kupanga nsalu anatsimikiza ndi kuchita ntchito yake.

Mukhozanso kusankha mitundu iwiri ya maselo meristem:

1. Poyamba - mwachangu kugawa maselo moyo kuonetsetsa kudzikundikira misa okwana nsalu maphunziro. Iwo kungadzutse gulu lina.
2. Zotumphukira maselo - angakhale osiyana ku mawonekedwe yapita, kukula, chiwerengero cha vacuoles, ndipo magawo ena.

Izi mitundu ya nyumba pa mitengo ina n'zotheka kukhala osiyana, osachepera morphologically.

Ambiri, kapangidwe ka nsalu maphunziro limakupatsani kusankha mitundu yambiri amene amapanga gulu lake.

gulu la meristems

maziko tikhoza kuika zizindikiro zochepa zosiyana. The oyamba - ndi kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa maselo kupanga minofu. Pakuti kusiyana iyi:

• tsamba meristem - mawonekedwe kiyubiki ndi Kakhungu monolayer selo, n'kupanga nsalu ❖ kuyanika;
• maphunziro columnar nsalu - n'kupanga pakati zimayambira makungwa a mitengo, prismatic maselo ndi chipolopolo wandiweyani;
• chachikulu meristem - kungadzutse kumanga-mu makulidwe, kudzera mwa maselo polygonal.

Zizindikiro kwa Gawo - amatha kusiyanitsa mu nyumba ina. Pa mfundo imeneyi meristem onse akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu asanu:

1. Embryonic maphunziro nsalu. Dzinali odziwikiratu. Ndipamene chachikulu yoopsa minofu.
2. Apical meristem, amatchedwanso apical. Fomu: procambium, khungu, conductive minofu parenchyma.
3. Namkulunga nsalu maphunziro. Anapanga pa malo choipa ndi kupereka kuchira mofulumira otaika chiwalo kapena kuchedwa bala.
4. Intercalary - zimapereka kukula intercalary zomera mu msinkhu ndi m'lifupi.
5. Mbali kapena lateral - kupereka thickening nyumba ofananira cha thupi ndi mafunsidwe a cambium kapena phellogen.
6. Mmphepete meristem - kuti ndipamene pepala intaneti.

Yotsirizira gulu, pa zimene mungachite onse meristem m'magulu awiri - chibadwa. Malinga ndi iye, iwo anawagawa:

• chachikulu - imakhudzana ndi zimakhala apical ndi embryonic;
• Secondary - cambium, procambium ndi ena.

Zikuonekeratu kuti mbali zosiyanasiyana za gulu akutsimikiza kufunika kwa nyumba izi, makamaka udindo wawo zomera.

tsamba meristem

Izi nsalu maphunziro, amene ntchito ndi mu mapangidwe a khungu la mbewu. Iwo lamellar meristem kulenga coverslips minofu kuti kuteteza thupi ku zotsatira zakunja kuthandiza mawonekedwe ndi dongosolo makamaka.

Maselo mbale nsalu maphunziro anakonza mu mzere umodzi agawanika kwambiri, ndipo perpendicular kwa thupi ntchito. Chifukwa, ndi khungu lakunja anapanga zomera.

columnar minofu

dzina lina nsalu awa - Ndodo. Iwo ali iye ndi elongated zigawo prismatic dongosolo selo, yomwe ili pafupi wina ndi mnzake ndi kukhala ndi wandiweyani khungu mokwanira.

Columnar minofu zinagwira ndipamene kwathunthu pachimake pa mapesi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya zomera. Anawagawa maselo a minofu ndi perpendicular kwa ziwalo ofananira.

Chachikulu meristem. Kufotokoza mwa chidule za

Features wa nsalu maphunziro otchedwa chachikulu chimene chimathandiza chomera kudziunjikira misa maselo undifferentiated, zimene zimachititsa kuti thickening ndi kuwonjezera kulemera. Zikatero ndi ndithu wogawana.

M'tsogolo, aliyense wa misa selo n'kukhala munthu kapena nsalu ina kuti ndi apadera ndipo ntchito yake. Choncho anapanga Mwachitsanzo, minofu ndi sporangium ena.

Maphunziro Ntchito chomera minofu

The ntchito yomwe meristem, ndi zoopsa. Inu mukhoza kulemba ntchito zingapo zofunika zofunika kuchitidwa ndi minofu pansi kulingalira:

1. Amapereka zomera ndi kukula malire mu moyo.
2. Kungadzutse zosiyanasiyana ndi specialization a mitundu ina zimakhala mu thupi.
3. Onetsetsani chitukuko yachibadwa zomera.
4. Kuthetsa kuwonongeka ndi kubwezeretsa otaika dongosolo.

Komabe, ntchito yaikulu anachita ndi nsalu maphunziro - ndi mobwerezabwereza nsoka wa maselo ndipo kudzikundikira kulemera lalikulu kuthekera ntchito mpaka kalekale mbali ya mbewu, choncho kukhalabe kukula ndi ntchito mu moyo. Ndi chifukwa chake mu thupi la nyama ndi anthu minofu si. Ndipotu, iwo kukula kokha kwa chibadwa anatsimikiza (poyamba kuwonjezekeredwa mu matupi athu) makulidwe.

apical meristem

Maphunziro nsalu, ntchito ndi dongosolo limene tikambirana kukhala mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri za mitundu yonse meristems. Kuti tichite zimenezi, pali zifukwa zingapo.

1. Limatchedwanso minofu apical ndi apical, kuyambira pambuyo chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo, iwo amakhalabe mpaka kukula (pamwamba pa mphukira wa).
2. The apical meristem tsinde ndi mizu zimathandiza kuwonjezera m'litali.
3. M'kupita kwa nthawi, izo n'kukhala minofu apical wa zamaluwa ndi inflorescence meristem, kulola maluwa kupanga ndi ziwalo zonse.
4. Izo zinagwira zina zonse zimakhala maphunziro.

Choncho, tikulankhula za digiri yapamwamba ya kufunika meristems apical mu zomera.

Mu zosiyanasiyana uyu wa zimakhala ndi ena ofanana angapo kuti ndipamene mu thupi mbewu. Iwo ali motere:

• nsalu zofunda;
• protoderma;
• procambium;
• nsalu conductive;
• zazikulu;
• chachikulu.

Pamodzi ndi apical ndi momveka bwino ndi lateral, kapena meristems lateral. Iwo anapereka adzauka Kambia fellogenu ndi kupanga otchedwa mphete pachaka, amene ali kuoneka bwino zigawo mtanda wa umatheka ndi mitengo ikuluikulu.

Pulayimale nsalu maphunziro

Awa ndi anthu amene poyamba anaika mu thupi la mwana wosabadwayo lapansi. Kwenikweni, ndi meristem apical wa mwana wosabadwayo ndi (apical). Ena mwa iwo zimasungika moyo, pamene ena kufa, kupanga thupi yoyamba ya mbewu.

Popeza meristem apical, Takambirana kale mwatsatanetsatane pamwamba, palibe kubwereza zonse kachiwiri. minofu chachikulu - ichi ndi apical nyumba maphunziro.

meristem yachiwiri

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo meristem chachikulu, amene amalola chomera pamisinkhu kenako chitukuko kumanga misa. Izi nsalu maphunziro, amene ntchito makamaka mu mapangidwe tinatake tozungulira ziwalo ofananira zomera.

A udindo wapadera mu sewero ili ndi cambium phellogen. Nthawi zambiri opareshoni meristem sekondale kubwera pambuyo pa mapeto a kukula apical kwa mbewu, koma pali kuchotserapo. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani ya cambium lapansi.

Chinanso chofunika chilonda meristems, zimene zimachititsa mapangidwe callus - misa selo. Iwo kumangitsa malo kuvulazidwa kapena kuwonongeka kwa mbewu.