Bzalani zimakhala. Mitundu ya chomera minofu

Zokambirana pofotokoza nyama ndi zomera zimakhala, anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XVII. Woyamba botanical-anatomists - Grew ndi Malpighi - anafufuza zofunika kwambiri a iwo, ndipo anayambitsa mfundo monga prosenchyma ndi parenchyma. Ambiri, kuphunzira nyumba zinakhalira mu zamoyo. Nsalu zimasiyananso zikuchokera, ntchito, chiyambi. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane mbali lofunika kwambiri kwa nyumba izi. Nkhani ndi tebulo ya mbewu zimakhala. Mmenemo mutha kuona siyana waukulu wa nyumba, malo awo ndi ntchito.

Biology: nsalu. Gawo

Chiwembu kulekana nyumba mogwirizana ndi zolinga za thupi wakhala akupangidwa ndi Simoni Schwendener Gaberlandtom kuchiyambi XIX-XX zaka. Bzalani zimakhala ndi magulu maselo ndi chiyambi chomwecho, homogeneous kapangidwe ikugwira ntchito limodzi. Gulu la nyumba ikuchitika malinga ndi muyezo osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, amanena kuti mbewu zimakhala ndi:

• Kiyi.
• Conductive.
• Meristem (yophunzitsa).
• ❖ kuyanika.
• Excretory.
• Mawotchi.

Ngati chomera minofu wapangidwa maselo ndi zambiri kapena zochepa kapangidwe chomwecho ndi ntchito, iwo amatchedwa yosavuta. Ngati zinthu sizili zofanana, ndiye dongosolo lonse amatchedwa zovuta kapena zovuta. Mitundu ya mbewu minofu gulu wogawanika, nayenso, kwa gulu. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo maphunziro monga:

• Apical.
• Mbali - sekondale (phellogen, cambium) ndi chachikulu (pericycle, procambium).
• Bala.
• Intercalary.

Mitundu mtundu yaikulu ya chomera minofu zikuphatikizapo kuwonjezera ndi kuloŵerera parenchyma. nyumba conductive ankaona phloem (bast) ndi xylem (nkhuni).

Coverslips (mmalire) mbewu zimakhala:

• Kunja: sekondale (periderm), chachikulu (khungu), ukachenjede (ritidom kapena peel); VELAM, rizoderma.
• Internal: exogenous ndi endoderm, parietal maselo a mitolo ya masamba kuchititsa.

Mawotchi kapangidwe (mafupa, buku) anawagawa sclerenchyma (sklereidy ulusi), collenchyma. Ndipo gulu lomaliza ndi excretory (secretory) zomera zimakhala.

nyumba Maphunziro: ndizosowa

Izi chomera minofu (meristem) ndi gulu la achinyamata zonse, mwachangu kugawa maselo. Iwo zili m'madera a kukula kwa ziwalo zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, iwo akhoza kukhala pamwamba pa zimayambira, ndi nsonga mizu ndi m'malo ena. Chifukwa kukhalapo mu chikhalidwe chomera selo minofu ndi kukula mosalekeza ndi mapangidwe zinthu zonse ndi ziwalo.

Features meristem

Malinga ndi malo a maphunziro minofu chomera selo kupeza kungakhale apical (apical), mbali (lateral) gusset (intercalary) bala. nyumba amagwiritsidwa ogaŵikana zasekondale ndi zapulaimale. Dama mitundu apical chomera minofu. nyumba izi anatsimikiza ndi patsogolo chikhalidwe cha m'litali. Zomera apamwamba m'munsi mwadongosolo (Mumapezekanso, horsetails) apical meristem amasiyana ofooka chionetsedwe. Iwo anapatsidwa koyamba chimodzi chokha, kapena foni chachikulu. Mu angiosperms ndi gymnosperms apical meristem momveka bwino ndithu. Iwo amakhala ndi nambala ya maselo koyamba, amene apanga cones kukula. nyumba ofananira amakhala sekondale. Chifukwa iwo ikuchitika kuchuluka mizu, umatheka (matupi ofananira mu general) mu makulidwe. maganizo mbali ya minofu chomera - izo phellogen ndi cambium. Mu zinthu woyamba ndi mapangidwe mizu ndi zimayambira wa Nkhata Bay. Kwa gulu ili a nsalu asamafalitse - lenticels. Ofananira meristem monga cambium, zinthu phloem anapanga ndi structural matabwa. M'nthawi ya zomera chokhwima amoyo liwiro kapena kutha lathunthu zochitika za cambium lapansi. meristems Intercalary, monga ulamuliro, ndi zofunika kwambiri. Iwo zasungidwa monga mbali zosiyana m'madera kukula yogwira: patsinde pa petiole ndi internode udzu masamba, mwachitsanzo.

tectum

Nchito chomera minofu ya gulu ndi kuteteza chikhalidwe Mavuto a zinthu zachilengedwe. makhalidwe oipa, makamaka, ayenera kutengedwa evaporation kwambiri, kutenthedwa dzuwa, kuyanika mphepo, kuwononga makina, ingress wa tizilombo bowa tizilombo. Pali pulayimale ndi sekondale kupatula minofu. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo rhizodermis ndi peel (khungu). The sekondale ❖ kuyanika nsalu mukukhulupirira phelloderm, Nkhata Bay cambium, Nkhata Bay.

Features a nyumba

Khungu yokutidwa ndi ziwalo zonse za annuals, osatha mtengo mbewu mu panopa nyengo kukula - mphukira wobiriwira, ambiri, zomera - herbaceous mbali mlengalenga. Otsiriza, makamaka, ndi masamba, maluwa, zimayambira.

Kapangidwe ka mbewu, zimakhala ndi: khungu

akuphatikizapo ameneŵa wosanjikiza mbali anatseka structural. Pankhaniyi, malo intercellular akusowa. The khungu atachotsedwa mosavuta ndipo ndi mandala woonda filimu. Izi minofu moyo chikukhudza wosanjikiza protoplast anali pang'onopang'ono ndi pakati ndipo leucoplasts, ndi vacuole lalikulu. Yotsirizira amatenga pafupifupi selo lonse. Khoma lakunja la zinthu structural wa khungu unakhuthala ndi mbali mkati ndi - woonda. Yotsirizira ndi pores. Cholinga chachikulu cha khungu ndi lamulo la transpiration ndi mpweya kuwombola. Iwo ikuchitika kwakukulukulu kudzera stomata lapansi. mankhwala Mankwala ndi madzi umalowa mu pores. Osiyana chomera maselo a khungu ndi zazikulu ndi zooneka mosiyanasiyana. monocots ambiri zinthu structural, elongated m'litali. Zomera dicotyledonous ndi zipupa zam'mbali sinuous. Zimenezi kachulukidwe chaubale ndi mzake. Kapangidwe ka khungu pamwamba ndi pansi pa pepala ndi osiyana. Anagwa stomata kuposa pamwamba. Mu zomera za m'madzi ndi masamba akuyandama padziko (madzi kakombo, dzira makapisozi), ali peculiarities yake. Ali stomata alipo yekha kumtunda mbale. Koma zomera, amamizidwa thupi lonse m'madzi, kupanga deta palibe.

stomata

Izi mapangidwe apadera kwambiri khungu. Stomata zigwirizana mipata 2 ndi maselo alonda - mapangidwe therebetween. zinthu kandalama ndi kachigawo mawonekedwe. Iwo zonse kukula kwa mapangidwe kagawo ngati. Izo, nayenso akhoza kutseka ndi kutsegula malinga ndi turgor kuthamanga zinthu zimene lanu malingana ambiri mpweya woipa mu mlengalenga ndi zinthu zina. Masana maselo stomatal zimakhudzidwa photosynthesis. Nthawi imeneyi, turgor kuthamanga ndi mkulu, ndi mapangidwe mpata kudula. Usiku ndi M'malo mwake, chatsekedwa. chodabwitsa Izi anatinso mu chirimwe, ndi wilting masamba. Ndi chifukwa luso kusunga mkati stomata chinyezi.

nyumba Kore

Parenchyma ali ambiri danga pakati pa zimakhala ena okhazikika tsinde, mizu ndi ziwalo zina chomera. Kapangidwe Basic makamaka wapangidwa ndi maselo amoyo ndi imamera mosiyanasiyana. maselo kumachitika, woonda-mipanda, koma Nthawi zina ndi unakhuthala lignified, ndi pores yosavuta postennoy cytoplasm. Wa parenchyma wapangidwa masamba ndi zamkati zipatso, pachimake pa rhizomes ndi zimayambira, makungwa awo. Pali subgroups angapo minofu imeneyi. Choncho, mwa nyumba zazikulu kusiyana: pneumatic, aquifer, sitolo ndi kuloŵerera. Ntchito ya mbewu zimakhala mu gulu ili zigwirizana kusungiramo mankhwala zakudya.

wotchedwa chlorophyll parenchyma

Hlorenhima - kuloŵerera minofu - dongosolo limene dzuwa chikuchitika. zinthu ake kusiyana ndi makoma woonda. Mu pali phata ndi chloroplasts. Otsiriza, monga cytoplasm ndi, inali postenno. Hlorenhima ili mwachindunji pansi pa khungu. Makamaka iwo anaikira mu achinyamata mphukira wobiriwira ndi masamba.

Aerenchyma

Pneumatic nsalu ndi kapangidwe ndi mokwanira anayamba malo intercellular ziwalo zosiyanasiyana. Koposa zonse ndi khalidwe la m'madambo, madzi ndi zikhalidwe madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja amene mizu ndi mu matope mpweya wokwanira. Mpweya umalandira matupi m'munsi mwa matupi kutengerapo. Komanso, kulankhulana pakati pa mipata intercellular ndi mlengalenga ikuchitika ndi pnevmatod achilendo. Aerenchyma chifukwa chiwerengero cha zomera yafupika. Izi zikuoneka limafotokoza luso aquaculture kukhala ndi malo olungama, ndipo masamba - kukhala padziko.

aquifers

nsalu Izi amasunga chinyontho zimayambira ndi masamba a zomera zokoma ndi mbewu m'madera saline. Zakale, mwachitsanzo, monga cacti, yade, agave ndi aloe ena. Wachiwiri - bwemba, strobilaceum, hodgepodge, ndi ena. Chabwino anayamba minofu izi sphagnum Moss.

dongosolo katundu

Mu zimakhala awa, panthawi ina chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ayamba kuyala kuwombola katundu. Izi, makamaka, mafuta, chakudya, ndipo ena. Maselo zimakhala yosungirako, zambiri woonda-mipanda. Kapangidwe ambiri akuimira mu mizu unakhuthala mababu, tubers, zimayambira pachimake, mbewu nyongolosi, endosperm, ndi m'madera ena.

Machine chimakwirira

The zimakhala kuchirikiza zinthu monga mtundu wa zolimba kapena "stereoma" (kuchokera Greek. "Maziko", "cholimba"). Cholinga chachikulu ndi kuonetsetsa kulimbikira kwa nyumba zazikulu ndi katundu malo amodzi. Choncho, nsalu ali ndi dongosolo lolozeka. Mbewu lapadziko ali patsogolo kwambiri mu gawo ofananira a mphukira wa - tsinde. maselo akhoza anakonza malo peripherally osiyana kapena yamphamvu olimba.

collenchyma

Ndi yosavuta chachikulu thandizo nsalu ndi okhutira ndi moyo selo: cytoplasm, phata, nthawi zina chloroplasts. Pali mitundu itatu collenchyma: lotayirira, mbale oyenerera. Gawo ili ikuchitika malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha maselo thickening. Ngati izo ziri pa ngodya, kapangidwe angled, ngati yomweyi pamwamba pa tsinde ndi yunifolomu moti collenchyma mbale. Iwo anapanga nsalu yaikulu ya meristem ndi ili pansi khungu pa mtunda wa zigawo chimodzi kapena zingapo za izo.

sclerenchyma

Izi minofu makina akuti ndi zofala. Amakhala ndi zinthu structural ndi lignified ndi unakhuthala makoma uniformly slotted ndi pores mu pang'ono. maselo Sclerenchyma mu inatenga nthawi yaitali, iwo yodziwika ndi prozenhimnaya mawonekedwe ndi malekezero zisonga.

nyumba ya conductive

nsalu izi kupereka kayendedwe michere mankhwala. Iwo ikuchitika mbali ziwiri. Transpiration (pansi) panopa ndi njira amadzimadzi salt ndi tracheids ndi zotengera ku mizu masamba pamodzi tsinde la. Kuloŵerera (kunsi) zoyenda amabwera kuchokera kumadera cham'mwamba mobisa njira phloem machubu wapadera sieve. nsalu conductive mwanjira zina zikufanana ndi mitsempha ya magazi a anthu, chifukwa ali ndi zozungulira ndi ofananira maukonde. Zakudya kudutsa mu yonse yochepetsetsa ya thupi.

ulusi secretory

Secretory minofu - maphunziro apadera, ndi luso kuunikila kapena kudzipatula madzi chilengedwe droplet ndi katundu wa kagayidwe. dzina lomaliza zinsinsi. Ngati iwo anachokera mbewu, ndiye katulutsidwe akunja PALI minofu ndi munthu ngati mkati - ankalemekeza kuchita dongosolo mkati. Mapangidwe mankhwala madzi chifukwa ntchito Kakhungu ndi Golgi zovuta. Zinsinsi za mtundu uwu tinapangidwa kuteteza zomera ku chiwonongeko ndi nyama, kumawononga ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena tizilombo. Endocrine nyumba ali mu mawonekedwe a chimachititsanso utomoni idioblast, onunkhira njira mlechnikov, nsupa kwa kumaliseche, ndi zopangitsa ena.

Table mbewu zimakhala