Letter Gogol ku Belinsky: Mwachidule, kusanthula

M'zaka chimodzi ndi theka ophunzira anthu mabungwe Russian nawo owolowa manja, ndi kayendedwe chikominisi, ndi chidwi kufufuza kutsutsana otchuka pakati V. G. Belinskim ndi N. V. Gogolem, kupereka mmalo mkangano oyamba.

kutsutsa zolembalemba

Pambuyo 1917, mkangano wa akulu awa anali m'gulu maphunziro maphunziro ambiri. Komabe, mu mabuku limafotokonzera chabe maganizo kulimbikitsa ndi Belinskiy V. G. Kalata Gogol anasonyeza ankaonera zenizeni zikusonyeza umodzi ndi maganizo ake a malingaliro aufulu-demokalase. Nikolai N'chimodzimodzinso ndi osafuna kusintha. Mu Gogol woganiza wa chosintha Russia sanali kokha osafunika, koma ngakhale zovulaza. maweruzo onse kuti umachokera kwa iye, anali amaganiza ngati bwino, kutanthauzira, motero kusintha kupitirira kuzindikira. Kwa zaka zambiri, mkulu zolembalemba Yodziwika Gogol mbali imodzi yokha. Iye anachita monga wokutsutsani "anthu imene iye ankakhala." Izo zimasonyeza ngati wolemba amene ntchito amafunsira okha kusonyeza zoyipa za alipo bourgeois mwininyumba wa dziko, odana ndi anthu chikhalidwe cha autocracy lapansi. Za uzimu a Nikolai anakhalabe mu mithunzi.

chifukwa mkangano

December 31, 1846 anabwera buku buku la Gogol. Iwo ankatchedwa "Anasankha ndime kuchokera Makalata ndi Mabwenzi". Kukwiyira Belinsky pasanapite nthawi analembera kalata Gogol. , Iye adzaitana buku la "zoipa", kumutsutsa wolemba ake umbuli wa chenicheni. mankhwala kenako kalekale achoka makope ndipo anaikidwa yosungirako anaphimba. Russian analola kuwerenga "Inspector", "Akufa Miyoyo", "Wii", "Nevsky Chiyembekezo" ndi zopeka zina. Komabe, wolemba yekha amatchedwa "Anasankha ndime ..." wake lokha lomveka buku. Panopa, iye anabwerera kwa owerenga.

maganizo a anthu

Buku 1846 amayambitsidwa patsogolo Russian chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa anthu. M'zaka zimenezi, olemba ambiri amaika patsogolo pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana kuti Gogol kulemba izo. Ena ananena kuti zolimba ndi owawa osocheretsa wolemba amene wataya kumvetsa bwino za mfundo momuzungulira. Ena ankaganiza kuti buku umalimbikitsa kufooka kwake, osati monga woganiza, komanso munthu lonse. Enanso amati Gogol mantha pozindikira kuti kuchokera ntchito zake zina za luso. Chachinayi ankakhulupirira kuti buku ankasonyeza kusinthasintha maganizo a wolemba, amene anali atsekerezedwa zikhulupiriro ndi utopias reactionary.

kalata Belinsky kuti Gogol: Mwachidule

Akukhulupirira kuti anasolola mzere wa ntchito zolembalemba kutsutsa, monga kudalembedwa asanamwalire. Lenin ankakhulupirira kuti kalata Gogol anali imodzi mwa ntchito chapadera cha atolankhani demokalase oletsedwa. Mtengo wake anakhalabe ngakhale kwa nthawi yaitali. Poyamba, bukuli "Anasankha ndime ..." analeredwa ngati mbendera ndi, anakumana ndi yankho zabwino ya anthu. Komabe, motsimikiza atangokanidwa iye anapereka kalata kwa Gogol. Kodi otsutsa kuti? Mu mizere lake, unandiuza mapangidwe opanda chifundo cha wolemba. Wotsutsa anamutcha iye "mlaliki wa mkwapulo, mtumwi wa umbuli, ngwazi ya obscurantism ndi obscurantism panegyrist Tartar makhalidwe abwino." kalata Belinsky kuti Gogol, mwachidule zomwe retold Petrashevzy ndi mabwalo onse pang'onopang'ono kwa anthu, umboni wa zinthu ndi maganizo a anthu kuti autocracy ndi, serfdom. Anthu ena amanena kuti wolemba kale anadzudzula boma tsarist, kunyozedwa nzika kumenyana serfdom. bwalo chosintha anatenga Gogol. Iye anapanga dziko lonse kuseka Plyushkin Sobakevich, Inspector General, zomwe mosakayikira kwambiri ntchito kulimbana nawo. M'lingaliro cholinga, iye anadzudzula serfdom. kalata Belinsky kuti Gogol Nikolai Vasilievich amatikumbutsa nthawi zakale. Anthu ena amanena ulemu wawo ndiponso amamukonda monga munthu, ndi kofunika chokhudzana ndi dziko, kutumikira monga mmodzi wa atsogoleri panjira patsogolo. Pambuyo kutulutsidwa kwa buku lakuti "Ndime Anasankha ..." Belinsky anapereka ndemanga zoipa mu "Contemporary". Pa nthawi ya anaitanira Nikolai Vasilyevich iwo sakanakhoza kusindikizidwa, koma analandira Koma ambiri. Mbali zapamwamba za anthu popanda vuto anamvetsa akamanena za kalata Gogol. Wotsutsa anapandukira yolalikira "chiwerewere ndi kugona pansi pa chitetezero cha chipembedzo ndi chikwapu." Belinsky adalionetsera kalata chikhalidwe kulibe Mulungu wa anthu Russian. Pa nthawi yomweyo anazindikira kuti nkhani ya Khristu ndi chiphunzitso chake cha ufulu, ubale ndi ofanana. Kalata Gogol, Belinsky Mwachidule, anakhala Ndondomeko maganizo ndi patsogolo Russia. "Dzina la kutsutsako ankadziwika kuti aliyense woimira achinyamata mwapang'onopang'ono" - anati Aksakov.

kalata Belinsky kuti Gogol: kusanthula

matamando mkulu kwambiri wotsutsa anapereka Lenin. Ngakhale boma anachitapo kusunga ndi kuwerenga izo. Mu maganizo a wothandizila ndi wachitatu Petrashevists nthambi, ofufuza anati anapanga kuzizwa konsekonse. kalata Belinsky unkachita monga chipilala zikuluzikulu za ganizo chikhalidwe. Anthu ena amanena za Nikolai Vasilievich salinso monga wojambula bwino, koma ngati publicist reactionary. M'buku lake kulimbikitsa Nikolaev autocracy, serfdom amapereka. N. V. Gogol anali kupereka mwininyumba, analalikira iye ndi 'tate wa Amaya "Iye anafotokoza kufunika kumvera iye. A linga anawatcha "osasamba ikhale pamphuno." Mwenechiroache mundu Gogol kuphunzitsa mochuluka preying pa ntchito wamba, nuyitane pa kumvera mfumu ndi akalonga ake, chilango kale. Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti kutsutsako lakuthwa. Belinsky kuti chipulumutso Russia si mu moyo wosasangalala, zongoganiza ndi pietism, ndi bwino umunthu, maphunziro ndi chitukuko. Iye m'gulu anatsutsa maulaliki akuyitanira kudzutsidwa kwa anthu kudzidalira, limene kwa zaka kuponderezedwa mu nyansi ndi dothi. M'kalata yake yopita Gogol Belinsky wolemba ananena kulakwa poyerekezera ndi zenizeni. Anthu ena amanena kuti anthu sadzakhululukira chotero kusasamalira ufulu, amene anasonyeza bukhu. Kulankhuka motsutsana serfdom, Belinsky kwambiri anayatsa manyazi ake onse. Nditawerenga "Anasankha ndime ...", wotsutsa ndi chidwi ndi kusintha zimene zinachitika mu malingaliro mlembi. Posachedwapa, kwa cholembera chake anabwera "Inspector" ndi "Akufa Miyoyo", otsutsiratu dongosolo mwininyumba, kumuseka. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti pa nthawi ya kulemba bukhu lake Gogol anakhala kunja. Izi zili mtsutso wina mu kutsutsako. Belinsky ananena kuti simungathe, muli kutali dziko, kumvetsa vuto. Nthawiyi, wotsutsa, poganiza kuti maganizo awa onse a wolemba zinali chifukwa cha zolakwa zake, limalimbikitsa iye kulenga ntchito counterweight, zimene n'chongoletsa zotsatira za bukhu lake.

mauthenga zolemba

Belinsky chidwi ndi mawu a Gogol za kupanda pake ndipo ngakhale harmfulness wa ratification anthu wamba. Nikolai mawu kuti mwina m'buku lake - akusocheretsa, m'mbali anakana. Belinsky ananena kuti mzere wa ganizo mu Russia akhala kudziwika. Komanso, anthu ena amanenanso za kupanda nzeru aliyense ndi luso ntchito. Iye akunena kuti si mu njira iliyonse kugwirizana ndi anthu zolengedwa kuti zinalengedwa mwa Iye kale. Potsimikiza kuti bukuli chipatso matenda a m'maganizo Gogol, Belinsky kwambiri sakhulupilira. Iye anafotokoza kuti ichi ndi chakuti mukuzilemba izo zinachitikadi kuposa tsiku kapena awiri, ndipo mwina zaka.

Yankhani Nikolai

Monga zinanenedwa pamwamba, wotsutsa inalemba nkhani ya buku latsopano "Ndime Anasankha ..." mu "Contemporary". Anakhumudwa ndi izo, Gogol analembera kalata Belinsky. M'bukuli iye ananena kuti podzudzula buku lake, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha ubale wa anthu. Nthawiyi Belinsky anadwala. Kukhala Russia, sangathe kuyankha Nikolai Vasilyevich, chifukwa pa nthawi imeneyo anachita mosamalitsa kupimidwa. Koma matenda amakakamizidwa kuti apite kunja. Ali kumeneko anatuma kumuyankha kukwiya.

Letter Gogol ku Belinsky anatumizidwa 10 August. Bukuli linalembedwa kwambiri anadabwa anachita anthu bukhu lake. Iye amanena kuti analandira 50 ndemanga ndipo adali onse osiyana. Nikolai amadziwa kuti kwenikweni vuto bwino anamvetsa. Komabe, kalata Gogol ku Belinsky adzatchedwa kulapa kwa "Ndime Anasankha ...". Komanso, tingathe kunena kuti sanazindikire zolakwa za maganizo ake, anapezazo, mawu ndi malingaliro. Iye yekha limanena kuti afike Russia, ndipo onanso kupeza zonse izo. Kalata otsiriza Gogol ku Belinsky limasonyeza kusafuna a wolemba kulenga zinthu zatsopano, pamaso iye sanali kukaona dziko. Mlembi Choncho amakhulupirira kuti ngakhale anthu amene ali Russia, angathe kumvetsetsa vuto lonse. Kutembenukira ku Vissarionu Grigorevichu, ananena kuti iye ndi gulu lake simungakhoze kudziwa zinthu zambiri zomwe kudziwika kwa iye. Choncho, kumvetsa zonse zifukwa kulenga "Anasankha ndime ...", sangakhale. kalata Gogol ku Belinsky silikuchirikiza chilichonse, kulikonse akuitana. Nikolai amayesa kupereka zifukwa pa njira ina kufotokoza boma la padziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye amazindikira kuti, osalephera, mawu ake adzakhala ingathandize kutsutsako.

kalata Gogol ku Belinsky amasonyeza boma la wolemba. Iye maganizo ndipo pafupifupi kuwonongedwa ndi osuliza. mabwalo Progressive anakumana ndi mkwiyo wa ntchito wake, koma nsangala kukambirana yankho G. Vissarion. Ngakhale thandizo operekedwa ndi Buku lake boma, Gogol sanaone wosangalala amene anali kuyembekezera. Poyankha ake kuti kutsutsako izo silimanena zifukwa zenizeni kudakali kulemba bukhu. Letter Gogol ku Belinsky zikuwoneka chachilengulengu ndi khungu, poyerekeza ndi uthenga akuwadzudzula. Komabe, anazindikira kuti kwambiri lolunjika pa okha. Pa nthawi yomweyo ananena Belinsky kuti nayenso 'anabalalika. " Iye ananena kuti wotsutsa amanyalanyaza afunika kudziwa zonse zimene amadziwa yekha kumvetsa zolinga zake ndi maganizo. kalata Gogol Belinsky wa 1847 mafuno thanzi lanu nkutha. Nikolai Vissarionu Grigorevichu akutikumbutsa kuti kokha, pakalibe matenda kungakhale kwanzeru kupereka milandu mmunda uliwonse.

anapezazo

Gogol Belinsky ananena kuti popanda Russia, zinthu zikuoneka kukhala wosangalala kwambiri. Komabe, kukhala pafupi wokongola kwambiri. Gogol akuvomereza izo. Komabe, pamodzi ndi izi, ndipo ananena kuti wotsutsa yekha zinthu zambiri zimene sindikudziwa. Koma, mosiyana Belinsky, Gogol akusonyeza kuti iye ali wokonzeka kuti avomereze zolakwa zawo ndipo ntchito pa iwo. Pankhaniyi, chikhumbo chomwecho kuti asaone wotsutsa, amene, ndithudi, ndi zokhumudwitsa kwambiri. Iye akuti Russia ali pakhomo la zochitika zazikulu zimene amafuna kuona moyo kuchokera kumbali zonse, osati kuthamangira chamutu zingapo. Mwina Gogol kwenikweni anakopeka ndi ziphunzitso. Kuzindikira kuti iye anali, anatumiza maganizo ake kwa autocracy. Iye analankhula za kugwirizana wauzimu wa anthu ndi mfumu kufunika adzausunga ndi kupitiriza. Izi anasiyanitsa zikuchepa ndi malingaliro amene iye anatsatira kale. Komabe, chifukwa cha yankho lake Belinsky kuti kusiya maganizo awo, iye sakufuna. Iye ndi wokonzeka kuti adzathe tione yekha Russia ndi mmene zinthu zilili kumeneko. Koma Mosakayika, kunali koyenera kuti chitsimikiziro iye kuposa maganizo ake.

antchito Communication

Belinsky ndi Gogol anali abwenzi kamodzi wabwino ndi mbali ya maganizo ena. Choyamba, wotsutsa, ine atapereka Boma wolimba zofuna za ndale komanso, kukakamira kuthandiza mwamsanga misa wamba, amene anali m'goli la serfdom. Pakati pa nkhani ambiri ofunika nthawi yathu, iye zimachitika kulipira chilango oyamba a malamulo okhwima malamulo alipo. Chofunika kwambiri chinali kulanda dongosolo la serfdom. Gogol nawonso, monga wolemba anali mboni kwa anthu a mumzinda, akuluakulu autocracy. Ndi maganizo uyu anayamba wa anthu awa. Belinsky, wotsegula pa manyazi malo a wamba, analemba kuti Russia amakhala oopsa dziko, umene uli zimaba anthu. Mu boma panali osati sapeza malo, ulemu ndi umunthu, koma kuti apolisi. Ntchito yaikulu ya Belinsky anaona kuwonongedwa serfdom. ntchito zolembalemba, mu maganizo ake, anali kukhala Chiongoko cha anthu. Wolemba, anaona atsogoleri a boma latsopano. Mwa iwo ulemu waukulu ndi chikondi ndi Belinsky, ndi ena a mtundu patsogolo anasangalala Gogol. Koma, kuti apite kunja, anafalitsa buku limene kugubuduza ziphunzitso zonse za iye.

Pomaliza

Tsatirani kutsutsako, Gogol sayambitsa mfundo iliyonse mu mtima mwawo. Iye yekha limanena zoona anakhazikitsa. Ayi, m'kalata yake chilakolako kusintha, "Kumbukirani", kupepesa, pambuyo pa zonse, pamaso pa gulu. Buku chake sichinali pa nthawi anazindikira zigawo zapamwamba za anthu. Zinali chifukwa makamaka chakuti anthu kuti n'zofunika kwambiri kukhumba latsopano, free moyo kupereka autocracy analephera.