Mankhwala asafe. katundu wa asafe

Kubereka nitrate - lotembenuzidwa kuchokera mawu Latin Nitrogenium. Dzina asafe - mankhwala amafotokozera ndi chiwerengero atomiki la 7, mutu 15 TH gululi Baibulo yaitali tebulo nthawi. Mu mawonekedwe a chinthu yosavuta wapangidwa lapansi anagawira thumba mpweya - mlengalenga. A zosiyanasiyana mankhwala asafe zopezeka mu matanthwe a pansi padziko, ndi zamoyo ankagwiritsa ntchito m'mafakitale, nkhondo, ulimi ndi mankhwala.

N'chifukwa chiyani asafe amatchedwa "kutsamwa" ndi "chopanda moyo"

Pamene mbiri yakale zimapangidwira zikusonyeza koyamba izi mankhwala osavuta Henry Cavendish (1777). Scientific akudutsa mpweya pa makala otentha kwa mayamwidwe mankhwala anachita ntchito soda. Chifukwa cha zinachitikira kafukufuku anapeza colorless ndi odorless gasi, unreacted malasha. Cavendish kuti "lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma mpweya" chifukwa cholephela kukhalabe kupuma ndi kuyaka.

Modern Chemical kufotokozedwa kuti mpweya ndi anachitira ndi malasha, mpweya woipa aumbike. Otsala "silifooketsa anthu ofuna" mpweya anali ku mbali yaikulu ya maselo N _2. Cavendish asayansi panthawiyo nkhani imeneyi sanayambebe amadziwika ngakhale asafe ndi nitrate mankhwala ndiye ankagwiritsa ntchito mu chuma. Wasayansi za mafuta zachilendo mnzake ndi kuchita zinthu zatsopano ofanana - Joseph Priestley.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Carl Scheele anafotokoza osadziwika zikuluzikulu za mlengalenga, koma analephera bwino kufotokoza magwero ake. Only Daniel Rutherford mu 1772 anazindikira kuti zatsopano pano "lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma" "asokoneza" mpweya - asafe. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira anatulukira ake - adakali mtsutso mbiri yakale wa sayansi.

zaka 15 pambuyo zatsopano Rutherford yotchuka sayansi Antuan Lavuaze akufuna kuti m'malo akuti mpweya "asokoneza" amatanthauza asafe, pa zina - Nitrogenium. Ndi nthawi anali atatsimikizira kuti mankhwala si kuwotcha siligwirizana kupuma. Ndiyeno panali Russian dzina "asafe" imene kutanthauziridwa mu njira zosiyanasiyana. Amanena kuti mawu otanthauza "lopanda moyo". maphunziro wotsatira kuti anatsutsa amakhulupirira za katundu zinthu. Asafe mankhwala - mapuloteni - ndi macromolecules zikuluzikulu zikuchokera zamoyo. Kuti amange zomera kuyamwa ku nthaka mchere zakudya zinthu zofunika - ^2- ayoni NO ₃ ndi NH ^4+.

Asafe - chinthu mankhwala

Kumvetsa kapangidwe atomiki ndi katundu amathandiza dongosolo zodziwitsa (PS). Udindo wa zinthu mankhwala mu tebulo nthawi akhoza chimatanthauza mlandu nyukiliya, chiwerengero cha mapulotoni neutrons (misa chiwerengero). M'pofunika kulabadira mtengo wa misa atomiki - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zazikulu za mchitidwe wa. nthawi, chiwerengero limafanana ndi chiwerengero cha milingo mphamvu. The yochepa Baibulo la nthawi chiwerengero tebulo Gulu limafanana ndi chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi mu mlingo kunja energaticheskom. Kufotokoza deta mu makhalidwe ambiri asafe ndi malo ake mu dongosolo nthawi:

• Ichi ndi chinthu sanali zachitsulo ndi mu ngodya chapamwamba lamanja la SS.
• Chemical chizindikiro: N.
• Katundu chiwerengero: 7.
• Wachibale atomiki misa: 14,0067.
• Chilinganizo kosakhazikika mankhwala a hydrogen: NH ₃ (amoniya).
• Mitundu apamwamba okusayidi N ₂ O _5, umene uli wofanana ndi valency wa asafe V.

Kapangidwe asafe atomu:

• kuyang'anira nyukiliya +7.
• Chiwerengero cha mapulotoni: 7; chiwerengero cha neutrons: 7.
• Chiwerengero cha Energy Akukwera: 2.
• Chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi: 7; imelo chilinganizo: 1s ² 2s ² 2p ^3.

Tsatanetsatane anaphunzira isotopes khola № mchitidwe 7, misa manambala awo - 14 ndi 15. The zili maatomu kuwala umene uli 99,64%. The mtima wa sakhalitsa nyukiliya isotope ndi 7 mapulotoni, ndipo chiwerengero cha neutrons zosiyana kwambiri: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.

Asafe mu chikhalidwe

Monga mbali ya mamolekyulu mpweya alipo lapansi m'chimake yosavuta mankhwala, amene chilinganizo - N _2. Okhutira mpweya asafe mu mlengalenga ndi za 78,1 buku%. mankhwala Mankwala a amafotokozera mankhwala kutumphuka dziko lapansi - salt zosiyanasiyana ammonium ndi ku feteleza (niter). Mankhwala a chilinganizo ndi maina ena mwa mankhwala ofunika kwambiri:

• NH _3, ammonia.
• NO _2, asafe woipa.
• Nano ₃ Sodium nitrate.
• (NH _{4) 2 4,} ammonium sulphate.

The valence wa asafe mu mankhwala yotsirizira awiri - IV. Malasha, nthaka, zamoyo muli N maatomu mu mawonekedwe adzamangidwa. Asafe ndi chigawo chimodzi cha kwa amino zidulo macromolecules, DNA ndi RNA nucleotides, mahomoni ndi hemoglobin. Okhutira okwana amafotokozera mankhwala mu thupi ukufika 2.5%.

mankhwala osavuta

Asafe mu mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu diatomic - buku lalikulu ndi kulemera kwa mpweya mlengalenga. Mankhwala, amene ndiyo njira N _2, alibe fungo, mtundu ndi kukoma. gasi Izi kuposa 2/3 mpweya lapansi m'chimake. The asafe ndi chinthu colorless, chokhala madzi. Zithupsa pa kutentha -195,8 ° C. M (N ₂₎ = 28 g / mol. Zambiri mankhwala mochepetsa mpweya, asafe, mpweya, kachulukidwe ake ali pafupi 1.

Maatomu mu anamanga molekyulu mwamphamvu 3 adagawa elekitironi awiriawiri. Pawiri akusonyeza mkulu mankhwala kukana, amene chimasiyanitsa izo kwa mpweya ndi zinthu zina gaseous. Ndi asafe molekyulu ndi unagawika maatomu ake constituent zofunika amaika mphamvu 942,9 KJ / mol. Contact wa magulu atatu a ma elekitironi ndi amphamvu kwambiri, akuyamba kugwetsa pamene usavutike pamwamba 2000 ° C.

pafupifupi zimachokeradi m'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, ndi dissociation wa mamolekyulu mu maatomu. Chemical inertness amadziwikanso chifukwa cha asafe kusapezeka polarity mu molekyulu ake. Amayamba kucheza ofooka kwambiri ndi mzake, potero ntchito boma gaseous pa nkhaniyi pa kuthamanga zachilendo ndipo pa kutentha pafupi firiji. Low mankhwala ntchito asafe maselo ntchito njira zosiyana ndi zipangizo kumene m'pofunika amalola inert.

Dissociation la tinthu N ₂ kumachitika mchikakamizo cheza dzuwa m'mwamba. Atomiki asafe aumbike, amene amachitira ndi zitsulo zina ndi nonmetals m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa (phosphorous, sulfure, Arsenic). The chifukwa ndi kupanga zinthu kukhala zinthu pansi analandira zina.

asafe valency

Lakunja elekitironi chigoba cha maatomu kupanga 2 m 3 tsa elekitironi. Izi asafe olakwika akhoza kupereka particles pamene zimavuta ndi zinthu zina zimene zimayenderana katundu kuchepetsa. Moyandikana ndi octet kusowa kwa 3 elekitironi atomu akusonyeza mphamvu zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni. Electronegativity asafe pansipa katundu zachitsulo sakhala kutchulidwa kuposa fluorine, mpweya ndi chlorine. Pamene zimavuta ndi zinthu mankhwala awa asafe amapereka ma elekitironi (oxidize). Kuchepetsa kuti ayoni zoipa adatsata mmene anachitira ndi miyala ina ndi nonmetals.

Chitsanzo asafe valence - III. Pankhaniyi, nsinga mankhwala anapanga ndi lakunja tsa-kukopa kwa ma elekitironi ndi chilengedwe cha matenda (kumanga) awiri. Asafe amatha kupanga mwiniwake-acceptor chomangira chifukwa nsapato zake yekhayo wa ma elekitironi, monga ammonium ion NH ^4+.

Mulowa mu zasayansi ndi makampani

njira zasayansi wina zochokera katundu zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni wa okusayidi mkuwa. Gwiritsani asafe pawiri ndi wa hydrogen - amoniya NH _3. Izi zosasangalatsa kununkhiza mpweya vzaimoddeystvuet ndi ufa okusayidi mkuwa wakuda. Zimene chifukwa umabala asafe ndi limapezeka mkuwa zachitsulo (wofiira ufa). Anakaika pa makoma chubu waterdrops - mankhwala wina anachita.

njira ina zasayansi kuti akugwiritsa ntchito asafe pawiri ndi zitsulo - azide Mwachitsanzo Nan _3. Akamagwira mpweya omwe sayenera kuchapidwa ku Mankhwala oipitsa.

Laboratory ikuchitika kuwonongeka kwa nitrite ammonium kuti asafe ndi madzi. Kuyamba anachita, Kutentha chofunika, ndiye ndondomeko atuluka ndi zamoyo wa kutentha (exothermic). Asafe ndi zakhudzana ndi zosafunika, choncho ndi kutsukidwa ndi zouma.

Kukonzekera kwa asafe mu makampani:

• fractional distillation wa mpweya madzi - njira, lomwe lili ndi thupi katundu wa asafe ndi mpweya (osiyana kuwira mfundo);
• mankhwala anachita mpweya ndi khala otentha;
• adsorptive mpweya kulekana.

Mogwirizana ndi zitsulo ndi wa hydrogen - oxidizing katundu

Inertia cholimba mamolekyulu salola ena kaphatikizidwe mwachindunji mankhwala asafe. Kuti yambitsa maatomu zofunika Kutentha amphamvu kapena walitsa mankhwala. Asafe akhoza kutani ndi lifiyamu firiji, ndi kashiamu magnesium, ndi sodium, zimene atuluka yekha ndi magetsi. Lolingana nitrides zitsulo anapanga.

Mogwirizana kwa asafe ndi wa hydrogen kukuchitika kutentha ndi anzawo. Komanso ndondomekoyi liyenela chothandizira. Amoniya analandira - imodzi yofunika kwambiri kaphatikizidwe mankhwala. Asafe, ngati wothandizira oxidizing, amasonyeza Tri zoipa limati awo makutidwe ndi okosijeni:

• 3 (ammonia ndi asafe zina mankhwala, haidrojeni - nitrides);
• -2 (hydrazine N ₂ H _4);
• -1 (hydroxylamine NH ₂ o).

Zofunika kwambiri nitride - amoniya - anakonza lalikulu zedi mu makampani. Vuto lalikulu kwa nthawi yaitali anakhalabe inertness mankhwala asafe. magwero ake a zipangizo anali nitrate, koma nkhokwe mchere anayamba kutha mofulumira ndi kukula zokolola.

Kupambana kwakukulu wa mankhwala sayansi ndi chizolowezi wakhala chilengedwe la ammonia asafe fixation njira pamlingo mafakitale. Mu mizati wapadera ndi kaphatikizidwe mwachindunji - ndondomeko kusintha pakati asafe kuwapeza mpweya ndi wa hydrogen. Polenga zinthu mulingo woyenera, kumasintha ndi mgwirizano wa linachepa ku mbali mankhwala, ntchito chothandizira amoniya zokolola ndi 97%.

Mogwirizana ndi mpweya - kuchepetsa katundu

Pofuna kuyamba zimene asafe ndi mpweya, ayenera kukhala amphamvu Kutentha. Adzalandira mphamvu zokwanira magetsi Arc ndi mphezi kumaliseche kwa mlengalenga. The mankhwala ofunika kwambiri zochita kupanga imene asafe ndi limati ake abwino makutidwe ndi okosijeni:

• 1 (nitrogen oxide (I) N ₂ Inu);
• +2 (NO wa asafe monoxide);
• 3 (nitrogen oxide (III) N ₂ O _3, HNO ₂ nitrous asidi, nitrite salt zake);
• 4 (asafe woipa (IV) NO _2);
• 5 (asafe pentoxide (V) N ₂ O _5, HNO ₃ nitric asidi, ku feteleza).

Mtengo wa mwachibadwa zikuchitika

Zomera kuyamwa ayoni ammonium ndi nitrate anions dothi ntchito kaphatikizidwe wa zosiyanasiyana mankhwala mamolekyulu organic maselo mowirikiza akuthamanga. Atmospheric asafe nodule mabakiteriya angathe kuphunzira - mabungwe tosaoneka kupanga tinatake tozungulira pa mizu ya nyemba. Motero, gulu la zomera analandira batire zinafunika, izo kumalimbitsa nthaka.

Namondwe otentha zimachitika makutidwe ndi okosijeni zimene asafe mumlengalenga. oxides ndi kusungunuka kupanga zidulo, izi mankhwala a asafe kulowa nthaka madzi. Chifukwa vuto la zinthu m'chilengedwe mowirikiza kudzadza nkhokwe zake matanthwe a pansi padziko, mpweya. Zovuta organic mamolekyulu munali asafe mu kapangidwe kake, yoipa mabakiteriya pa zigawo zochita kupanga.

ntchito.

The mankhwala asafe zofunika kwambiri ulimi - mchere kwambiri sungunuka. Chosakanikirana ndi zomera urea nitrate (sodium, potaziyamu, calcium), mankhwala ammonium (madzi amoniya, enaake, sulphate, ammonium nitrate).
Inert katundu asafe zomera kulephera kuyamwa izo kuchokera kunja kutsogolera kufunika kuti Mlingo lalikulu chaka ku feteleza. Mbali chomera chamoyo amatha kusunga macrocell mphamvu "tsogolo," womwe ziwole khalidwe la mankhwala. Owonjezera ku feteleza masamba ndi zipatso zingachititse poizoni anthu, kukula kwa zotupa zilonda. Kuwonjezera zaulimi, mankhwala asafe ntchito m'mafakitale ena:

• kwa yokonza medicaments;
• kwa mankhwala kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala apamwamba maselo;
• mu kupanga mabomba ku trinitrotoluene (TNT);
• kwa kupanga utoto.

NO okusayidi wapeza ntchito opaleshoni, mankhwala ali zimakhudzanso analgesic. Loss wa zotengeka pamene Mpweya mpweya anaona kuti ngakhale ofufuza woyamba asafe katundu mankhwala. Choncho panali dzina wamba "kuseka mpweya".

Vuto la ku feteleza mu ulimi

The salt asidi nitric - nitrate - munali anion singly mlandu NO ^3-. Komabe ntchito dzina lakale la gulu la zinthu - ammonium nitrate. Ku feteleza ntchito manyowa minda, mu greenhouses, minda. Kuwabweretsa iwo mu kasupe oyambirira pamaso kubzala, m'chilimwe - mu mawonekedwe a feedings madzi. Paokha, mankhwala si angabweretse zoopsa kwambiri kwa anthu, koma mu thupi, iwo n'kukhala nitrites, ndiye mu nitrosamines. Nitrite NO ^2- ayoni - poizoni particles, iwo amayambitsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa chitsulo akakhala mu himogulobini mu ayoni trivalent. Mu chikhalidwe ichi, chinthu chachikulu kwa magazi a anthu ndi nyama sangathe kunyamula mpweya ndi kuchotsa mpweya woipa, zimakhala ndi.

The owopsa nitrate kuipitsidwa chakudya cha thanzi:

• zotupa zilonda akuwuka mu kutembenuka kwa ku feteleza kuti nitrosamines (carcinogenic);
• chitukuko cha anam'peza matenda a m'matumbo,
• hypotension kapena matenda oopsa;
• mtima kulephera;
• magazi matenda
• zotupa a chiwindi, kapamba ndi chitukuko cha matenda a shuga;
• chitukuko cha kulephera aimpso;
• magazi m'thupi, kukumbukira mkhutu chidwi ndi nzeru.

The ntchito munthawi yomweyo zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi mlingo waukulu wa ku feteleza kumabweretsa poizoni pachimake. magwero kungakhale zomera, kumwa madzi, okonzeka zopangidwa mbale nyama. Akuwukha mu madzi ndi kuphika kungachepetse zili zakudya zopangidwa nitrate. Ofufuzawa anapeza kuti mlingo waukulu wa mankhwala owopsa anamuona pa mwana ndi chomera kutentha kupanga.

Phosphorus - mchitidwe Pnictogen

Maatomu a zinthu ndi mankhwala amene muli nawo mu ofukula ndime ya dongosolo nthawi, kuonetsa katundu wamba. Phosphorus ili mu nthawi yachitatu, amanena za gulu 15, komanso asafe. Kapangidwe zinthu maatomu ofanana, koma pali kusiyana katundu. Asafe ndi phosphorous kuonetsa zoipa valency ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma III mu mankhwala awo ndi zitsulo ndi wa hydrogen.

phosphorous zambiri zosiyanasiyana zimene zingafunike pa kutentha wamba, chinthu mankhwala yogwira. Kodi anachitira ndi mpweya kupanga P ₂ O apamwamba ₅ okusayidi. The amadzimadzi njira ya nkhaniyi ali ndi katundu wa asidi (metaphosphoric). Ngakhale Kutentha asidi orthophosphoric analandira. Iwo amati kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya mchere, ena mwa iwo ndi feteleza mchere Mwachitsanzo superphosphates. Asafe ndi phosphorous mankhwala kupanga mbali yofunika ya vuto la zinthu ndiponso mphamvu padziko lathuli, ntchito mafakitale ulimi ndi zina minda.