Anthropology: Kodi sayansi ya munthu?

Nkhani yaikulu ya Anthropology - munthu mu mawonekedwe ake onse. Ndi chifukwa ichi pali amalanga angapo mkati mwa sayansi. Anthropology ndi lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu nzeru zaumunthu, chikhalidwe, thupi, chikhalidwe, ndi zina zotero. D. onse a iwo kuchokera kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana anaphunzira umunthu.

Origin akuti

Mawu "Anthropology" ali mizu Greek. Mu nthawi zakale akuti anali otchuka ofufuza nzeru ya Agiriki ndi asayansi. Akukhulupirira kuti mawu anayambitsa ndi Aristotle, amene ankakhala mu BC IV atumwi. e. Pankhaniyi, nzeru zapamwamba anatanthauza Anthropology ngati sayansi kuti amaphunzira ndi mbali yauzimu ya moyo wa munthu.

Liwu ankagwiritsa ntchito apamaliro zosiyanasiyana anzeru wotchuka. Mwachitsanzo, mwa iwo anali Kant, amene anali ndi chidwi kwambiri Anthropology. Kodi munthu wokhalapo, malo a anthu dziko - awa ndi ambiri mafunso ena onse amene nzeru zapamwamba German ndi anzake. Komabe zaumunthu ano ndi maganizo lalikulu ndi kuti mawu akuti "nzeru zaumunthu Anthropology" amatanthauza sukulu imene anatuluka mu m'ma XX. Ndipo kokha m'lingaliro sekondale, limafotokoza ntchito za aphunzitsi a Nthawi m'mbuyomu.

nthanthi Anthropology

Pochita Anthropology nthanthi ndi tingachipeze powerenga German buku nzeru zapamwamba ndi woganiza Max Shelera. Izi "malo Munthu danga," "About wosatha ndi munthu" ndi zina zotero. D.

mabuku Scheler zinalembedwa pa chiyambi cha m'ma XX, ndipo agwirizana ndi Multilaterial zinachitikira sayansi m'zaka za m'mbuyomo. Akatswiri German akuyesera kuti tiyankhe funso, kodi mzimu wa munthu. Nthanthi Anthropology, mwa zina akuchonderera chipembedzo. Maziko a anthu, monga Scheler, mzimu m'lingaliro wodziika mawu. Amakhala achibadwidwe, mudzakhalanso ndi malingaliro osiyana.

Scheler wasinthira anzeru ambiri XX atumwi, amene mwanjira ntchito m'munda wa Anthropology aumunthu. Mwa iwo anali Russian humanists: Andrey Bely, Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergei Bulgakov, .. Leo Karsavin etc. Ochita kafukufuku amenewa aphunzira vuto la Anthropology, zochokera nkhani okhudzana: Chaanthu, ethology, zamoyo ndi kuwerenga maganizo. Chinthu kafukufuku wawo adali munthu. Nthanthi Anthropology lero ali m'masukulu ambiri ongolankhula zochokera m'mabuku awo.

Anthropology thupi

Mu bwino kwa mphamvu layman, mawu akuti "Anthropology" amatanthauza Anthropology thupi. Izi sayansi maphunziro munthu ndi maganizo a mtundu: matabwa ake, ubale ndi chikhalidwe ndi maonekedwe a chamoyo.

Mu Russia, ndi Anthropology zooneka m'zaka XVIII, chifukwa Peter I. The Russian Tsar anamanga m'nyumbayi choyamba mu dziko - nduna ya Curiosities, kumene kunali ambiri zisudzo pa thunthu. Petro anachita chidwi sayansi mutapita ku Europe pa nthawi ya "Great ofesi ya kazembe". Wamkulu Koposa incognito anapita nkhani za anatomists Dutch ndi Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe.

zinali zambiri zakuthupi mu Russia pa chitukuko cha sayansi wa munthu. M'zaka za m'ma XVIII mwachangu ankafufuza ndi yolowera Siberia. Pa malo ake otsegula anthu oimira magulu ang'ono ndi wapadera mitundu. mtsogoleri wa maulendowa anali zofunikila nkhani anthropological yawo kenako anapita ku St. Petersburg ndi mayunivesite European. Pakati ofufuza awa anali Stepan Krashennikov, Peter Sitimayo inagunda, ndi zina zotero .. Ambiri a iwo ali alendo, amene mwachangu ntchito Romanovs chifukwa cha kusowa mu nyumba ukatswiri.

Anthropology ku Russia

Komanso mu mbiri Russian wa Anthropology izo ntchito za anzeru osiyanasiyana Russian. Alexander Radishchev, wotchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhani yake "Ulendo ku St. Petersburg ku Moscow", nayenso anaphunzira umunthu. Mu Ilimsk ukapolo analemba lonena zofunika "Pa Man, Imfa wake ndi chosafa," lomwe linali umboni ndi akatswiri thupi Anthropology.

Socialist ndi zosatheka Nikolai Chernyshevsky sanathe kunyalanyaza funso malo anthu mu dziko. DZIWANI ankalimbikitsa sukulu ya anthu, chuma. Komanso anasonyeza Anthropology mitundu. Kodi mtundu, fuko gulu - zonse zikuvutitsa maganizo a ofufuza za m'ma XIX. Socialists, ngati Chernyshevsky ankakhulupirira kuti kusiyana konse mu tsogolo la mayiko osiyana zinachitika chifukwa unyolo wa zochitika m'mbiri, m'malo zachilengedwe kusiyana mitundu.

Chikhalidwe ndi Social Anthropology

mwambo wina (chikhalidwe kapena chikhalidwe Anthropology) makamaka amafufuza miyambo ndi za anthu osiyanasiyana. Mu Russia, chopereka zikuluzikulu sayansi wapanga Nikolai Maclay amene ankaphunzira m'mayiko osiyanasiyana East. Iye anatha kufikira ngakhale anthu kutali Oceania pa nthawiyo, ngakhale pamene palibe munthu kwambiri chidwi moyo wawo. essays akhala mizati kwa ofufuza m'minda osiyana.

Komabe, chikhalidwe (kapena chikhalidwe) Anthropology anabwera mochedwa Maclay. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX, sayansi anabadwa zikomo mabuku Leo Frobeniusa, Ruth Benedict, Frantsa Boasa, Marcel Mauss, etc. Ngati United States otchuka akuti "chikhalidwe Anthropology" mu UK - .. "Anthropology Social". Kodi Anthropology chikhalidwe? Bukuli lili ndi chidziwitso kwachilengedwenso za mwamuna nthawi yomweyo ikufotokoza maganizo ndi makhalidwe amene analandira zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.

Kufanana ndi ethnology

Cultural Anthropology chikukhudzana sayansi ndi ethnology, lomwe ndi pang'ono onse kutsogolo mafunso akonzedwa. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kufanana ndi kubvomereza kapena anakana njira zawo. N'zochititsa chidwi Russia chifukwa cholowa Union anasunga miyambo kuti amalitchula ethnography sayansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu sayansi English pafupifupi konse ntchito mawu akuti "ethnology", koma otchuka "chikhalidwe Anthropology". kuphunzira munthu ofufuza Western ndi chiyani? Chifukwa kudalirana ndi kutsegula kwa dziko lero, asayansi amakono ogwirizana zolemba zawo zosiyanasiyana kudziwa aumbike mwa zikhalidwe yosiyana, omwe amathandiza zoonanso pa umunthu.