Kodi kudziwa polarity cha kugwirizana kwa? Forward ndi n'zosiyana polarity

Ife tikupeza lero bwanji kudziwa polarity kugwirizana ndi chifukwa chake n'kofunika. Tanthauzo thupi la kuchuluka kwa.

Umagwirira ndi Physics

Kamodzi onse amalanga zoyenera kuphunzira dziko, ogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lina. Ndipo zakuthambo ndi asayansi, ndiponso akatswiri anali nzeru ena. Koma tsopano pali kusiyana okhwima magulu a sayansi ndi mayunivesite kwambiri kudziwa kwenikweni chimene muyenera kudziwa kuti masamu, ndipo - akatswiri a zinenero. Komabe, mu nkhani ya umagwirira ndi sayansi palibe malire bwino. Nthawi zambiri zosiyana kudutsa mzake, ndipo nthawi zina maphunziro yomweyi. Makamaka, chinthu ndi maganizo polarity kugwirizana. Kodi tingadziwe bwanji malowa chidziwitso sayansi kapena umagwirira? Pa malo ofunda - ndi Science chachiwiri: Tsopano ophunzira kuphunzira lingaliro ili ngati gawo zimapangidwira, koma iwo sangakhoze kuchita popanda chidziwitso cha sayansi.

Kapangidwe ka maatomu

Kuti timvetse mmene kudziwa polarity a kugwirizana, choyamba muyenera kukumbukira mmene atomu. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi zikanadziwika aliyense atomu ndi ndale wonse, koma lili ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, milandu yosiyanasiyana. Rezerfod anapeza kuti pakati pa wina ndi atomu ndi katundu, ndithu mlandu phata. Kuyang'anira phata atomiki nthawi zonse ndi inteja, ndiye ndi 1, +2, ndi zina zotero. Padziko pachimake ndi kuchuluka lolingana kuwala kwa ma elekitironi zoipa mlandu, chiwerengero cha zomwe mosamalitsa limafanana ndi kuyang'anira phata la. Ndiko kuti, ngati mlandu nyukiliya +32, ndiye padziko ayenera udzakhazikitsidwe ma elekitironi makumi awiri. Iwo maudindo ena padziko phata la. Aliyense elekitironi ngati "kufalitsa" padziko phata mu orbitals ake. kake, malo, ndi mtunda kuti phata la ofunitsitsa ndi chiwerengero anayi kwadzidzidzi.

Chifukwa polarity limapezeka

Atomu ndale ili kutali particles ena (mwachitsanzo, mu malo akuya, ndi Way), onse symmetrical wachibale yozungulira malo. Ngakhale mawonekedwe ndi zovuta zina za iwo, orbitals ziwiri za ma elekitironi alibe intersect pa atomu imodzi. Koma ngati wathu payokha anatengedwa atomu mu vacuo kudzakhalire ulendo wawo wina (mwachitsanzo, kulowa mtambo mpweya) ndiye akufuna kulankhula naye valence orbitals wa ma elekitironi lakunja motsogozedwa chikoka mu atomu wapafupi, kuphatikiza ndi izo. Padzakhala ambiri elekitironi mtambo, latsopano mankhwala pawiri, ndipo motero, ubale polarity. Kodi kudziwa atomu kuti azifika mbali yaikulu ya okwana elekitironi mtambo, ife kufotokoza pansipa.

ndi zomangira mankhwala Kodi

Malinga mtundu wa zimavuta mamolekyulu, kusiyana mlandu mtima kwawo ndi mphamvu akuwuka kukopeka, pali mitundu zotsatirazi kumangidwa mankhwala:

• chimodzi elekitironi;
• zitsulo;
• covalent;
• ion;
• Van der Waals;
• haidrojeni;
• ziwiri elekitironi trohtsentrovaya.

Kuti kufunsa za mmene kudziwa kugwirizana polarity pawiri, iwo uyenera kukhala covalent kapena amaayoni (monga Mwachitsanzo, salt wa NaCl). Ambiri, izi mitundu iwiri ya kulankhulana amasiyana yekha ndi mmene elekitironi mtambo chimachititsanso motsogozedwa mmodzi wa ma atomu. Ngati covalent chomangira si popangidwa ndi maatomu ziwiri zofanana (mwachitsanzo, _2), izo nthawizonse pang'ono magetsi. Ubwenzi amaayoni kuchepetsa mphamvu. Akukhulupirira kuti ubwenzi amaayoni kumabweretsa mapangidwe a ayoni, monga mmodzi wa ma atomu "amanyamula" ma elekitironi mu zina.

Koma kwenikweni, kwathunthu mankhwala kumalo ozizira kulibeko: ion chimodzi chokha kwambiri amakopa okwana elekitironi mtambo. Moti otsala bwino chidutswa akhoza ananyalanyaza. Choncho, mwachiyembekezo, zinadziwika kuti kudziwa polarity wa covalent chomangira akhoza kukhala ndi polarity la mgwirizano amaayoni sizimatanthauza kuchimvetsa. Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa awa mitundu iwiri ya kulankhulana - ndi njira chitsanzo m'malo woona chodabwitsa thupi.

Khama la polarity ndi

Tikukhulupirira, owerenga ali anamvetsa kuti polarity kumangidwa mankhwala - kupatuka pa kufalitsidwa mu danga la okwana elekitironi mtambo wa mgwirizano. Ndi mgwirizano yogawa alipo mu atomu lakutali.

njira polarity kayesedwe

Kodi kudziwa polarity cha kugwirizana kwa? Funso ili kutali lomveka. Kuyamba, Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti popeza chosokonekera wa elekitironi mtambo wa atomu magetsi ndi yosiyana ndi ya ndale, ndi X-ray kusintha sipekitiramu. Choncho, kusamutsidwa kwa malire sipekitiramu idzakupatsani lingaliro la chimene polarity kugwirizana. Ndipo ngati mukufuna kudziwa mmene kudziwa polarity ya kulankhulana molekyulu molondola kwambiri, m'pofunika kudziwa osati sipekitiramu wa umuna kapena mayamwidwe. Ndimafuna kuti tipeze:

• miyeso nawo chifukwa maatomu;
• anapatsa mtima wawo;
• amene kugwirizana inakhazikitsidwa pa atomu pamaso zikamera izi;
• onse kanthu chomwe dongosolo;
• Ngati dongosolo la Krustalo, amene zopindika kulibe momwemo bwanji kuti zinthu zonse.

The polarity kugwirizana zimakambidwa ngati chizindikiro chapamwamba zotsatirazi: 0,17+ kapena 0,3. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti mtundu womwewo wa maatomu adzakhala ndi kulumikiza ndi wosiyana polarity molumikizana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu okusayidi BeO mpweya 0,35 polarity, ndi MgO - 0,42-.

The polarity wa maatomu

wowerenga angathe kufunsa funso ili: "Kodi kudziwa polarity wa mankhwala akapolo, ngati zinthu ambiri" Yankho ndi onse yosavuta zovuta. miyeso kachulukidwe wa polarity anafotokozedwa monga mlandu bwino maatomu. Khalidwe limeneli ndi kusiyana pakati pa oyang'anira elekitironi ndi lolingana dera pakati ili mu malo enieni. Ambiri, kuchuluka izi ndi zabwino mokwanira limasonyeza ena asymmetric elekitironi mtambo zidzachitika mapangidwe mankhwala kuti muzikondana. vuto lagona pa mfundo yakuti kudziwa malo ndi kupeza nkhani izi ndi za elekitironi ndi (makamaka maselo) kuli kovuta. Choncho, monga mmene yolekanitsa nsinga mankhwala mu amaayoni ndi covalent, asayansi amachita simplifications ndi zitsanzo. Pa nthawi yomweyo anakana zinthu ndi mfundo zimene zimakhudza zotsatira kwambiri.

The kuthupi kugwirizana polarity

ndi tanthauzo thupi la khalidwe polarity chiyani? Tiyeni tione chitsanzo chimodzi. H atomu wa hydrogen ali nawo monga asidi hydrofluoric (HF), ndi mchere (HCl). polarity yake 0,40+ HF mu HCl - 0,18+. Izi zikutanthauza kuti onse elekitironi mtambo ndi zambiri anapanduka cha fluorine kuposa mbali chlorine. Ndipo izo zikutanthauza kuti electronegativity wa fluorine atomu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri electronegativity wa chlorine atomu.

maatomu Polarity pa molekyulu

Koma owerenga woganiza adzakumbukira kuti, kuwonjezera mankhwala yosavuta imene maatomu awiri alipo, pali zambiri zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga kam'bulu kamodzi asidi sulfuric (H _{2 4)} amafuna maatomu wa hydrogen awiri, wina - sulfure, ndi onse anayi oxygen. Ndiye funso lina n'lakuti: Kodi kudziwa kwambiri kugwirizana polarity mu molekyulu chiyani? Kuyamba, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ubale ali ndi dongosolo ena. Ndiko kuti, asidi sulfuric - si kuchulukirachulukira maatomu onse agonjetsedwa limodzi lalikulu, ndi eg. Kuti chapakati atomu sulfure limodzi ndi maatomu anayi mpweya, n'kupanga mtundu wa mtanda. Kuchokera mbali ziwiri zosiyana ndi ma atomu mpweya Ufumuyo sulfure awiri kumangigwa. Pa awiri otsalawo mbali ya ma atomu mpweya Ufumuyo sulfure nsinga limodzi ndi "mwamphamvu" Mosiyana ndi ulemu wa hydrogen. Choncho, molekyulu asidi sulfuric, zotsatirazi kulankhulana:

• HA;
• CHONCHO;
• S = O.

Popeza tafotokozera pansi chikwatu polarity aliyense limasonyeza awa, mungapeze kwambiri. Komabe, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ngati kumapeto kwa unyolo yaitali maatomu ayenera kwambiri electronegative amafotokozera, zikhoza "kukoka" ndi elekitironi mitambo kumangidwa oyandikana wowonjezera polarity awo. Mu zovuta kuposa unyolo, kapangidwe ndi kutheka kwa munthu kufa ndi zotsatira zina.

The polarity wa mamolekyulu ndi wosiyana polarity cha kugwirizana kwa?

Kodi kudziwa kugwirizana polarity, tikuuzidwa. Kodi tanthauzo thupi la chiphunzitso cha ife chipenyere. Koma mawu amenewa akupezeka mawu ena amene zogwirizana gawo ili zimapangidwira. Ndithudi owerenga chidwi mmene angalankhulire ndi nsinga mankhwala ndi polarity maselo. Yankho: mfundo izi ndi matanthauzo wowonjezera ndipo sizingatheke payokha. Izi adzakhala zinasonyeza Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za madzi.

Mu molekyulu wa H ₂ O ziwiri zofanana kugwirizana HO. Pakati pawo makona a madigiri 104,45. Choncho kapangidwe ka molekyulu madzi ndi chinachake chonga mphanda ziwiri mano ndi wa hydrogen pa malekezero a. Mpweya - kwambiri electronegative atomu, iye imakoka elekitironi mitambo ya hydrogens awiri. Choncho, pamene wonse electroneutrality foloko mano analandira pang'ono zambiri zabwino, ndi patsinde - pang'ono negative. Pochepetsa zotsatira kuti madzi molekyulu ali mizati. Zimenezi zimatchedwa molekyulu kumalo ozizira. Choncho, madzi - zosungunulira wabwino, kusiyana milandu zimathandiza kuti mamolekyu pang'ono sachedwa ndi elekitironi mitambo zinthu zina anadula makhiristo pa molekyulu, ndi molekyulu - pa maatomu.

Kuti timvetse chifukwa mamolekyulu, pakalibe mlandu polarity alipo, m'pofunika kukumbukira kuti ndikofunika osati mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala komanso kapangidwe ka molekyulu, mitundu ndi mitundu limasonyeza kuti kuwonekera izo, kusiyana electronegativity maatomu ake constituent.

Anachititsa kapena mokakamizika polarity

Kuwonjezera polarity yake, ndipo pali anachititsa kapena chifukwa cha zinthu zina. Ngati molekyulu ndi zinthu kunja mu atomu munda, umene kwambiri alipo mwa mphamvu molekyulu, ndi okhoza kusintha kasinthidwe wa mitambo elekitironi. Ndiko kuti, ngati mpweya molekyulu chimakakamiza mitambo wa hydrogen mu H ₂ O, ndi munda kunja ndi codirectional ndi zimenezi, ndi kugawanika ukuwonjezeka. Ngati munda monga zoletsa mpweya, mgwirizano polarity ndi pang'ono yafupika. Tikumbukenso kuti kufunika kopanga lalikulu mphamvu zokwanira mwanjira bwanji polarity wa mamolekyulu, ndipo kwambiri - zimakhudza polarity wa mankhwala muzikondana. Amenewa zimatheka kokha mu zasayansi ndi njira dziko. Ochiritsira mayikirowevu kumawonjezera yekha matalikidwe a Phokoso atomiki wa madzi ndi mafuta. Koma si bwanji kugwirizana polarity.

Zimene zinachitikira n'zomveka malangizo a polarity ndi

Mogwirizana ndi mawu, amene ankaona mwa ife, osanenapo zimenezi mwachindunji polarity ndi iwowo. Pankhani mamolekyulu, ndi polarity ndi chizindikiro "kuphatikiza" kapena "opanda". Izi zikutanthauza kuti atomu kapena amapereka mpaka elekitironi ake mtambo ndipo motero amakhala pang'ono zabwino kwambiri, kapena mosinthanitsa, mtambo chimakakamiza pa ndipo amapeza mlandu negative. A polarity malangizo n'zomveka kokha pamene mlandu chimachititsanso, ndiye pamene wochititsa ndi panopa. Monga ziri zodziwika bwino, ma elekitironi kusuntha kuchokera ku gwero awo (zoipa mlandu) kwa malo kukopeka (zabwino adawalamulira). Adzakhululukidwa anakumbukira kuti pali chiphunzitso kuti ma elekitironi kwenikweni kusuntha kwina ku HIV gwero negative. Koma ambiri zilibe kanthu chofunika chokha mfundo za kayendedwe. Choncho, ena zosiyanasiyana, monga kuwotcherera mbali zitsulo, n'kofunika kumene Ufumuyo mtengo uliwonse. Choncho ndikofunika kudziwa mmene kugwirizanitsa polarity kaya mwachindunji kapena zosiyana. Mu ena zipangizo, ngakhale banja, kumathandizanso.