Arctic Ocean: kuphunzira nyanja. Mbiri ya kuphunzira Ocean Arctic

The Ocean Arctic ndi amodzi mwa malo ambiri yovuta pa dziko. Komabe anthu anali woyamba kukhala ngakhale kale kuposa mu Pacific. Kodi mbiri ya kufufuza nyanja, ndi amene amathandiza pa phunziro? Iwo ayenera kuphunzira mfundo iliyonse ya nthawi zokhudzana ndi malowa, ku M'badwo wa Apeza mpaka tsiku lino.

The ofufuza loyamba

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu malo awa, anthu anali ngakhale mu zaka khumi-khumi. Pomorie, amene ankakhala tsopano ndi Russia, kubwera kwa gombe la chilumba cha Spitsbergen ndi Novaya Zemlya, ndipo anali kudziŵa mmene kufika Atlantic Ocean. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, amalinyero Russian ankadziwika gombe lonse m'kamwa mwa ob Mtsinje. M'badwo wa Apeza inali nthawi kufunafuna njira zatsopano kulankhulana ndi minda sanaidziŵe. Masiku ano ku Britain, Russia ndi Dutch oyendetsa anayamba kuyesa kupeza njira ku Atlantic kwa Pacific, ulendowo uli mkati mwa gombe la Asia ndi North America. Kukokera pa zambiri kumpoto m'mbuyo chifukwa chosowa zipangizo. Choncho, British Hudson Munga ndi kupeza kuti mtengo sakanakhoza. Willoughby ndi Barents analephera ngakhale kusambira ku Nyanja Kara - kukonzekera ndi zosayenera kwa m'njira chombo zotsimikizika zotsatira za ulendo.

Inayambira m'mavuto latsopano

Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri icho chinali ankafuna bwino kwambiri kuphunzira Ocean Arctic. Ocean Research Baffin anapitiriza mobwerezabwereza ulendo pofufuza za chakumadzulo fupi. Anapita ku gombe la Greenland, anapeza m'kamwa mwa Straits wa Lancaster ndi Smith. Kudutsa kupyola iwo sankandilola ayezi, chifukwa Baffin anaganiza kuti ndimeyi chowonjezera chabe ayi. Kulephera kwa maulendo ena womutsata, zinachititsa chakuti m'nthawi sanathe kutsimikizira zosiyana.

amalinyero Russian

Great chopereka kwa kuphunzira Ocean Arctic zimene asayansi Russian. Maganizo za kuli ndimeyi sanadzisiyira anthu. m'kulimbika kumene anasonyeza Gerasimov mu 1525. Njira yachidule kudutsa ayezi, akubwera kuchokera pamavuto a Novaya Zemlya ku doko la Providence, ndi zikwi zisanu mazana asanu ndi makilomita khumi, ndi msewu wochokera Murmansk kwa Vladivostok. Kuphunzira Ocean Arctic m'mphepete mwa msewu umenewu zinachitikadi pa chiyambi cha chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri m'ma mpainiya Rebrov. Anakwanitsa m'kamwa mwa Yana Mtsinje, ndi pakati pa zaka za m'ma chomwecho Dezhnev anatha kupita patsogolo, kupita mozungulira kumpoto, kum'mawa Asia ndi kupeza ya Bering Strait. Koma chosayembekezeka. Mbiri ya kuphunzira Ocean Arctic zachitika tsoka - lipoti Dezhneva Lost pa usinkhu wa zaka eyite-eyiti ndipo anatulukira kokha pambuyo pa imfa ya mlendo.

Akupitirizabe kufufuza

Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi anali maphunziro anamwazikana wa Ocean Arctic. Chidule cha chochitika silingawafike atulukira chosintha nthawi imeneyi. Komabe, ulendo kumpoto akali chidwi kwambiri. Ndi zaka zimenezi mayina odziwika umanena - mwachitsanzo, Bering ndi Krusenstern. Mkangano pakati England ndi Russia mu njira yatsopano ya kupeza nkhani inafalikira. Woyamba ananditumiza kumpoto kwa maulendo oposa makumi asanu. Zotsatira za ena a iwo si zafalitsidwa kutali. Mu 1770 Herk wapaulendo anapita kuphunzira Ocean Arctic. maphunziro nyanja anali umakonzedwa ndi Hudson Mtsinje. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kusambira, analemba mavesiwo pamaso pa kukaikira. Panali malingaliro atsopano ndi maganizo, palibe limatchula mu makadi sizinayambe. Akatswiri Russian atenga Great kumpoto ulendo, cholandiridwa mwa Petro Woyamba. Mayina a gulu amadziwika ndi tsopano - ndi Chelyuskin, Laptev, Ponchischevy. Koma iwo sanali kumaliza ulendo. Komabe, kupambana mosamala kudzaza makadi ndi kutsegula kumpoto kufika Europe ndi ku Asia, umene masiku ano limadziwika ndi dzina la Cape Chelyuskin.

The kumapeto kwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mu zochitika za kafukufuku pa nyanja

Arctic anakhala incompletely anamvetsa kwa nthawi yaitali. Komabe m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi kugwirizana ndi zambiri mayina zofunika, zomwe zinakhudza kuphunzira Ocean Arctic. Mwachidule tchulani Rumyantsev ndi Kruzenshtern, ndiAmene polojekiti akuyendayenda kugombe la America ndi kufika Pole ofunika. Chifukwa cha maulendo ambiri, chinapezeka kuti m'goli zinthu nyanja ayezi chaka chonse. Iwo unapangidwa ndi maganizo nzeru. Asilikali Makarov ndinazolowera kusuntha chombo wapadera. Chombo choyamba wotchedwa "Ermak" anafika sikunali kotheka kuti aliyense patsogolo. Akatswiri okhonda anatha bwinobwino kusuntha paulendo Fridtjof Nansen pa bolodi ngalawa "Fram". Pa kulowerera wasayansi analandira zinthu zofunika zokhudza nyanja zimachititsa chilumbachi, zikuchokera misa madzi ndi matalala, nyengo ya zigawo chapakati.

Studies m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri

Chiyambireni cha m'ma yatsopano, malo ntchito zasintha. Studies ya Ocean Arctic m'zaka za m'ma 20 analola kuti iyende zofunika kwambiri ndi mlingo wosiyana wa zida ndiponso maphunziro. Mwakhama anasambira m'chigawo ngati English ndi Russian, America Norwegians. Mu 1909 iwo unalengedwa zitsulo Zombo ndi injini zamphamvu zimene angathe kulenga wapadera kuya mapu n'kukafika m'kamwa mwa Lena Mtsinje. Komabe, anayesetsa mu 1912, kukaona ku North Pole ndipo sanali bwino. Anthu sanali kusamalira kugonjetsa Ocean Arctic. kafukufuku Ocean kunachitidwa mu gawo kumadzulo. Mu 1920 anayamba wachisanu ulendo Rasmussen, amene anafika ku Greenland kuti Alaska. Pole North woyamba anafika Peary.

ndime lophunzira

Mbiri ya kuphunzira Ocean Arctic wakhala n'zogwirizana ndi kufufuza njira kwa Murmansk Groenlandia. Yojambula anatha kupanga ayezi-baka ichidachi "Josef Stalin", amene anali wokhoza kuti adziwe chikudutsa lodziwika bwino. Mzere wa ntchito zasintha - bwino ndege kunapangitsa kuphunzira ayezi mu mlengalenga chimene anapanga Amundsen ndi Ellsworth. Iwo anapeza kuti kumpoto kwa Greenland si chotchedwa sushi. Ndipo Baird anacititsa ndege ku North Pole. Mofananamo, asayansi afufuza komanso Point Barrow, mu Alaska. Mu 1937, ayezi anayamba woyamba hydro-nyengo siteshoni, kufufuza chikhalidwe cha madzi wamba. Anali nayenso anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mpumulo, zosiyana Arctic Ocean. Ocean kafukufuku ankatembenukira mlingo chamakono.

Mapeto a kafukufuku

Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha, pamene ntchito inaimitsidwa, mbiri yatsopano ya kumpoto. Akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito njira zasayansi apeza chiphunzitso phindu. Akatswiri ofufuza za Ocean Arctic zinachititsa kuti atulukira ranges watsopano - Mendeleev ndi Lomonosov. Anapeza pansi pa beseni ndi zasintha maganizo akale za mpumulo. Popeza m'ma m'ma ayezi anabweretsa gulu la apaulendo amene akhoza kuwononga anafufuza yochepa. Iwo adagumana Gakkel Ridge, ndi m'madzi mapangidwe chikhalidwe chiphala. Mu 1963, munthu anacititsa pansi ayezi ku North Pole pa bwato nyukiliya. Mu 1977 ulendo pa Chombo anali ikuchitika, amenenso inatha bwinobwino. Man anagonjetsa Ocean Arctic.

Ocean kafukufuku akupitiriza Canada, American ndi Russian asayansi. Koma chikhalidwe cha ntchito yawo kukhala ongolankhula ndi mfundo experimental - pa mapu a m'madera amenewa anachoka mawanga woyera, ndi ulendo wopita Pole North sizikuwoneka zovuta zimene zingawatayitse wolimba wapaulendo moyo kuti zinali zofunika ndi zaka zingapo zapitazo, nthawi ya Great atulukira Hrs ndi zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.