Chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zomwe zimapereka ku multiculturalism yamakono

Sayansi yomwe amaphunzira anthu nthawi zambiri imakhala yochokera kwa anthu a nthawi ndi anthu. Motero, wofufuzayo anali ndi lingaliro lomwelo la sayansi, makhalidwe ofanana ndi makhalidwe abwino, chikhalidwe ndi zoyenera monga phunziro la phunziro lake. Iye ankakhala mmudzi womwewo, ndipo ankamuyang'ana iye, monga momwe, "kuchokera mkati", "kuyang'ana kwa miyala" kuchotsa malamulo ndi ziwombankhanga zomwe zimakhudza anthu (mamembala a anthu awa).

Koma ntchitoyi inakhala yovuta kwambiri pakufika kwa anthu ena omwe analekanitsidwa ndi wofufuza ndi chikhalidwe cha chiphompho. Izi zinkakhudza maphunziro a midzi yamakono a azungu a ku Australia kapena mafuko akale, chikhalidwe cha Agiriki akale ndi Aroma. Nthawi zina ngakhale zolimbikitsa za zochita za munthu wakale zikuwoneka ngati zosamvetsetseka. Pachikhalidwe ichi, katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ayenera "kutulukamo" kwa kanthawi kochepa kuti aphunzire ndi kumvetsetsa iwo amene amakhala molingana ndi malamulo ena ndi malingaliro ena. Njira imeneyi ingatchedwe "kuphunzira kuchokera ku mipando".

Chikhalidwe cha anthu, chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa ndi M. Moss ndi E. Durkheim, kenaka chinagawidwa kukhala zigawo zikuluzikulu ziwiri pofufuza anthu amitundu ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana. Yoyamba ikhoza kufotokozedwa ngati "positivistic evolutionism." Oimira ake akuluakulu ndi J. Frazer, E. Taylor ndi G. Morgan. Iwo adachokera kumalo a chitukuko cha anthu kuchokera kumadambo apansi mpaka apamwamba. Chifukwa chake, "anthu achikulire", miyambo ina inali ya iwo mphindi, sitepe, ndipo nthawizina nthambi yowonongeka ya chitukuko cha anthu.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chinapanga njira yosiyana - Neo-Kantian antiscientism, omwe olemba (R.Lowie ndi ena) adatcha njira ya otsogolera "kuyendayenda ku zoo." Izi zinkangopitiliza kukhala "kumvetsetsa", kutanthauzira (E. Evans-Prichard, K. Guerz), "zophiphiritsira", (V. Turner), "chidziwitso" (anthropology) (S.Tayler, Mary Douglas). Powerenga "zikhalidwe zina", wofufuzirayo ayenera kutaya "mafano" a munthu wamakono, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo azilemekeza anthu omwe amawaphunzitsa. Mfundo yakuti m'madera momwemo mulibe lingaliro lapadera, malingaliro ndi ntchito, sizimapangitsa anthu amtundu uwu kuti "osakhala nzika", ena amadzimadzi kapena "Martians". Kuti mumvetsetse munthu ameneyu kapena nthawi yake kapena chikhalidwe chake ndiye njira yaikulu ya njirayi.

Chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu monga sayansi kwa anthu ndipo zotsatira zake payekha zakhala zowonjezera kwambiri, chifukwa cha ntchito za Claude Levi-Strauss. Anayambitsa zoterezi mu chilango chaumunthu monga structuralism. Kutenga ngati maziko a "kudula" kwakanthawi, wasayansi anatulutsa "nyumba" - mwachitsanzo, udindo wa akazi, malingaliro okhudza zikhulupiriro zina ndi zina "zofanana". Njira yokhazikitsidwa inachititsa chidwi ku maphunziro a amuna ndi akazi (M. Mead), ndipo inaloledwa kuphunzira "subcultures" zina zamakono za mizinda ikuluikulu (goths, punks, hippies ndi ena).

Chikhalidwe cha anthu sichimafuna kuphunzira zofunikira ndi njira, koma kuti adziŵe zaumunthu pazomwe amachitira. Ngati tilankhula ndi munthuyo ngati pepala loyera, zomwe anthu athu amalemba malamulo awo, tidzasintha. Kulimbana kwamuyaya ndi mgwirizano wa anthu ndi chikhalidwe chimene akukhalamo, kuphunzira njira za kugwirizanirana kwawo - izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pophunzira chikhalidwe cha anthu. M'madera amakono mulibe "anthu achikunja", kapena, monga "zodabwitsa zachilendo," koma chikhalidwe chilichonse chiyenera kulemekezedwa ndi kulekerera.