Jan Comenius, mphunzitsi wa ku Czech: biography, mabuku, zopereka kwa pedagogy

Jan Amos Comenius (anabadwa 28.03.1592 ku Nivnice, Moravia, anamwalira pa 14.11.1670 ku Amsterdam, Netherlands) ndi wokonzanso dziko la Czech ndipo ali ndi chipembedzo. Njira zodziwika zatsopano zophunzitsira, makamaka zinenero.

Jan Amos of Comenius: biography

Mwana wamng'ono kwambiri mwa ana asanu, Comenius anabadwira m'banja labwino kwambiri la mamembala odzipereka a chipembedzo cha Chiprotestanti cha abale achi Bohemian. Pambuyo pa imfa ya makolo ake ndi alongo ake awiri mu 1604, mwachidziwitso chifukwa cha mliliwu, adakhala ndi achibale ndipo adalandira maphunziro apakati, mpaka mu 1608 analowa sukulu ya Latin Latin ya abale achi Bohemi ku Prerov. Patapita zaka zitatu, chifukwa cha udindo wa Count Karl Zerotinsky, iye, mothandizidwa ndi Johann Heinrich Alstead, adalowa mu yunivesite ya Reformed ku Herborn. Mbali zambiri za lingaliro la Comenius zikufanana kwambiri ndi filosofi ya womaliza. Alstead, yemwe anali mdani wa Aristotle ndi wotsatira wa Peter Ramus, anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi Raimund Lullius ndi Giordano Bruno, mu maphunziro aumulungu anali wachikulire ndipo ankagwira ntchito yosonkhanitsa chidziwitso chonse mu Encyclopaedia yake yotchuka (1630). Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku Heidelberg mu 1614, Jan Komensky anabwerera kudziko lakwawo, kumene anayamba kuphunzitsa kusukulu. Koma mu 1618, patangotha zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene adakhazikitsidwa ndi wansembe wa a Bohemian, adakhala m'busa ku Fulnek. Ntchito yake yoyamba yosindikizidwa, "Grammar ya Latin", inayamba zaka zimenezo.

Nkhondo ya Zaka makumi atatu ndi nkhondo ya White Mountain mu November 1620 zinakhudza kwambiri moyo wa Comenius, popeza ntchito yake yambiri inali cholinga chobwezera anthu ake nthaka ndi chikhulupiriro. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zotsatira, iye sanatetezedwe mpaka abale ake ochokera kumayiko ena athamangitsidwa kumbuyo kwake anatsogolera naye ku Leszno, ku Poland, komwe adayendera kale, akuvomereza kuti angathe kuthetsa.

Jan Amos Comenius, yemwe mbiri yake ya zaka zapitazo anadziwika ndi imfa ya mkazi wake woyamba Magdalena ndi ana awo awiri, anakwatira mu 1624 kachiwiri. Anamaliza "Labyrinth Light and Heaven Hearts" mu 1623 ndi Centrum securitatis mu 1625, akufalitsa iwo mu 1631 ndi 1633 mofanana mu Czech.

Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1628 mpaka 1641, Jan Komensky ankakhala ku Leszno monga bishopu wa gulu lake la zoweta. Anapezanso nthawi yogwira ntchito yokonzanso chidziwitso ndi maphunziro, kulemba, ndi zina mwa buku lake lalikulu loyamba, Didactica magna. Zalembedwa ku Czech, inafalitsidwa m'chaka cha 1657 m'Chilatini monga Opera didactica omnia, yomwe ili ndi ntchito zambiri zakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 1627.

Buku lina lolembedwa ndi Jan Amos Komensky panthawiyo, Maternal School, laperekedwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zoyambirira za kulera ana.

Kutchuka kosadziwika

Mu 1633, mwadzidzidzi Jan Komensky analandira mbiri yotchuka ku Ulaya chifukwa cha Janua linguarum reserata ("Open Door Languages"), yomwe inafalitsidwa chaka chomwecho. Awa ndi mawu ovuta kulankhulira ku Latin malinga ndi njira yatsopano yozikidwa pa mfundo zochokera kwa Wolfgang Ratke ndi mabuku ofotokozedwa ndi Spanish Jesusits of Salamanca. Kusintha kwa chilankhulidwe cha chinenero, chomwe chinafulumizitsa ndi chophweka kwa anthu onse, chinali chikhalidwe cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa anthu ndi dziko, zomwe am'chilili onse ankafuna kuti akwaniritse maola otsala asanabwere Khristu.

Jan Comenius anasaina mgwirizano ndi a Chingerezi Samuel Hartlib, omwe adalembera buku la "Christian Knowledge" lotchedwa Conatuum Comenianorum praeludia, ndipo mu 1639, Pansophiae prodromus. Mu 1642, Hartlib anatulutsa Baibulo lachingelezi lotchedwa "School Reform". Jan Amos Comenius, yemwe amapereka chidwi pophunzitsa anthu anachititsa chidwi kwambiri ku England, anaitanidwa ndi Hartlib ku London. Mu September 1641 anafika ku likulu la Great Britain, komwe adakumana ndi omuthandiza, komanso anthu monga John Pell, Theodore Haak ndi Sir Cheney Culpeper. Anapemphedwa kukhala kosatha ku England, adakonza zoti apange koleji ya pansophic. Koma ku Russia kwaukali posachedwa kunathetsa mapulani onsewa, ngakhale kuti Comenius anakhalabe ku Britain kufikira June 1642. Ali ku London, analemba buku la Via Lucis (The Way of the World), lomwe linafalitsidwa kuti likhale lolembedwa ku England, mpaka lisindikizidwe 1668 ku Amsterdam. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, aphunzitsi a ku Czech analandira thandizo kuchokera ku Richelieu kuti akapitirize ntchito yake ku Paris, koma m'malo mwake anapita ku Descartes pafupi ndi Leiden.

Gwiritsani ntchito ku Sweden

Ku Sweden, Jan Comenius anakumananso ndi mavuto. Chancellor Oksensherna ankafuna kuti iye alembe mabuku othandiza kusukulu. Comenius, polimbikitsidwa ndi abwenzi ake a Chingerezi, adalimbikitsa kugwira ntchito pansophy. Anayang'ana pa mavuto awiri panthawi yomweyo, kuchoka ku Elbing mu Prussia, panthaŵiyo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Swedish, pakati pa 1642 ndi 1648. Ntchito yake Pansophiae diatyposis inalembedwa ku Danzig mu 1643, ndi njira ya Linguarum nouissima - ku Leszno mu 1648. Mu 1651 "Pansophia" inalembedwa m'Chingelezi monga chitsanzo cha chidziwitso cha dziko lonse lapansi. "Filosofi yachilengedwe, yosinthidwa ndi Kuwala Kwaumulungu," kapena Lumen divinuem reformatate synopsis (Leipzig, 1633), inafanana chaka chomwecho. Mu 1648, kubwerera ku Leszno, Comenius anakhala bishopu wamakumi awiri ndi wotsiriza wa ubale wa Bohemian (pambuyo pake unasinthidwa ku Moravia).

Kulephera ku Sharospataka

Mu 1650, mphunzitsi Jan Komensky adalandira pempho kuchokera kwa Prince Sigismund Rakoczy wochokera ku Transylvania, mchimwene wake wamng'ono wa George II Rakoczy, kuti adzafike ku Sharospatak kuti akafunsane pazokambirana za kusukulu ndi pansophy. Anayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu ku sukulu ya kuderalo, koma ngakhale kuti ankagwira ntchito mwakhama, kupambana kwake kunali kochepa, ndipo mu 1654 anabwerera ku Leszno. Pa nthawi yomweyo Comenius anakonza ntchito yake yotchuka kwambiri, Orbis sensualium Pictus ("Sensual world in pictures", 1658), m'Chilatini ndi m'Chijeremani. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ntchito inatsegulidwa ndi epigraph kuchokera ku Genesis, pamene Adamu anapatsa mayina (Genesis 2: 19-20). Ili ndilo buku loyamba la sukulu limene zithunzi za zinthu zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa zinenero. Anafotokoza mfundo yofunika kwambiri imene Jan Amos wa Comenius ananena. Mwachidule, zikuwoneka ngati izi: mawu ayenera kutsatiridwa ndi zinthu ndipo sangaphunzire mosiyana ndi iwo. Mu 1659, Charles Hoole anasindikiza buku lachingelezi la Chingerezi, "The World Visible World of Comenius, kapena Image ndi mndandanda wa zinthu zonse zazikulu zomwe zilipo mdziko, ndi zofuna za anthu."

Kulephera kupambana mu Sarospatak ndikofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha chidwi cha maulosi osangalatsa a wamasomphenya ndi wokonda kwambiri Nikolai Darbik. Osati nthawi yoyamba Komensky anaika mneneri wa tsiku lomaliza - zofooka zomwe zina zachililili zinapereka. Iwo nawonso adakhulupirira maulosi a zochitika zopanda pake ndi zopotola mosayembekezereka zomwe ziyenera kuchitika posachedwa, monga kugwa kwa nyumba ya Habsburg kapena mapeto a apapa ndi mpingo wa Roma. Kusindikiza kwa mawuwa pofuna kuwonetsa zochitika zandale kunakhudza kwambiri mbiri ya mphunzitsi wamkulu.

Zaka zaposachedwa

Posakhalitsa kubwerera kwa Comenius ku Leszno pakati pa Poland ndi Sweden, nkhondo inayamba, ndipo 1656 Leszno anawonongedwa ndi asilikali a ku Poland. Anataya mabuku ake onse ndi mipukutu ya manja ndipo adakakamizidwa kuchoka m'dzikoli. Anapemphedwa kukakhala ku Amsterdam, komwe adakhala zaka zonse za moyo wake m'nyumba ya Lawrence de Gere, yemwe anali mwana wake wamwamuna. Pazaka izi adatsiriza ntchito yaikulu yomwe adakhala nayo kwa zaka zosachepera makumi awiri. Buku la magawo asanu ndi awirili linalongosola moyo wake ndipo linakhala kukambirana kwakukulu pakulinganiza zinthu zaumunthu. "Pampedia", malangizo a maphunziro a chilengedwe chonse, amatsogoleredwa ndi "Pansophia", maziko ake, kenako ndi "Panglottia", malangizo a kuthana ndi chisokonezo cha zinenero, zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa kukonzanso komaliza. Ngakhale kuti mbali zina za ntchitoyi zinasindikizidwa mu 1702, zinkaonedwa kuti zatayika mpaka kumapeto kwa 1934, pamene bukuli linapezeka ku Halle. Kwa nthawi yoyamba inalembedwa mokwanira mu 1966.

Comenius waikidwa mu mpingo wa Wallonia ku Naarden, pafupi ndi Amsterdam. Maganizo ake adayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi oyendetsa ndege a ku Germany m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu. M'dziko lakwawo, akukhala pamalo olemekezeka monga wolimba mtima komanso wolemba.

Njira ya kuwala

Jan Amos Comenius amapereka ntchito zake ku kusintha kofulumira ndi koyenera kwa zinthu zonse zokhudzana ndi moyo waumunthu mu gawo la chipembedzo, chikhalidwe ndi chidziwitso. Pulogalamu yake inali "Njira ya Kuunika," yomwe inapangidwa kuti ipereke chidziwitso chachikulu cha munthu kufikira atabwerera ku ufumu wa Khristu wa zaka chikwi. Zolinga zaumulungu zinali zopembedza, ukoma ndi chidziwitso; Nzeru inagwiridwa ndi kupambana mu zonse zitatu.

Kotero, chiyambi ndi cholinga cha ntchito zonse za Comenius zinali zaumulungu. Zomwe amakhulupirira ndi zikhumbo zake zidagwiridwa ndi anthu ambiri a m'nthaŵi yake, komabe dongosolo lake ndilokwanira kwambiri mwazinthu zomwe zinaperekedwa m'zaka za zana la 17. Kunalidi, njira yopezera chipulumutso kupyolera mu chidziwitso chomwe chinakweza kufika pa msinkhu wa nzeru za chilengedwe chonse, kapena pansophy, yothandizidwa ndi pulogalamu yowunikira. Chikhalidwe cha zinthu za m'nthaŵi yomwe anthu amakhulupirira kuti zaka zapitazi zikubwera zinali zogwirizana ndi kuthekera kwa kukonzanso dziko lonse kudzera mu makina osindikizira, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka malonda ndi malonda apadziko lonse, omwe kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri yakale adalengeza kufalitsa kwadziko lonse nzeru zatsopano izi.

Popeza Mulungu akubisalira kumbuyo kwa ntchito yake, munthu ayenera kutsegulidwa kwa mavumbulutso atatu: kuwoneka ku chilengedwe chimene mphamvu ya Mulungu yavumbulutsidwa; Munthu analengedwa m'chifanizo cha Mulungu ndikuwonetsa umboni wa nzeru zake zaumulungu; Mawu, ndi lonjezo lake la kukondwera kwa munthu. Zomwe munthu ayenera kudziwa komanso osadziwa ziyenera kuchotsedwa m'mabuku atatu: chilengedwe, chifukwa kapena mzimu wa munthu ndi malembo. Kuti akwaniritse nzeru izi, ali ndi malingaliro, zifukwa ndi chikhulupiriro. Popeza munthu ndi chirengedwe ndizo zolengedwa za Mulungu, ayenera kugawana lamulo lomwelo, lomwe limatsimikizira kuti zinthu zonse zimagwirizana pakati pawo komanso ndi malingaliro aumunthu.

Dziwani nokha ndi chilengedwe

Chiphunzitso chotchukachi cha macrocosm-microcosm chimapereka chidaliro chakuti munthu akhozadi kupeza nzeru zopanda nzeru mpaka pano. Aliyense, motero, amakhala pansophist, mulungu wamng'ono. Amapagani omwe alibe mawu ovumbulutsidwa sangathe kupeza nzeru izi. Ngakhale akhristu mpaka posachedwa adatayika m'ndandanda wa zolakwitsa chifukwa cha mwambo komanso mwachangu cha mabuku omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino. Munthu ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku ntchito zaumulungu ndikuphunzira mwa kugunda molunjika ndi zinthu - pogwiritsa ntchito autopsy, monga Comenius adayitcha. Jan Amos malingaliro okhudzana ndi mfundo yakuti maphunziro onse ndi chidziwitso amayamba ndikumverera. Chifukwa chake zikutanthauza kuti malingaliro ali ndi malingaliro enieni omwe amachititsa munthu kumvetsetsa momwe akukumana nazo. Dziko ndi moyo wa munthu aliyense ndi sukulu. Chilengedwe chimaphunzitsa, mphunzitsi ndi mtumiki wa chirengedwe, ndipo zachilengedwe ndi ansembe mu kachisi wa chirengedwe. Munthu ayenera kudzidziwa yekha ndi chilengedwe.

Encyclopedia of Omniscience

Kuti mupeze njira yopulumukira, munthu amafunikira foni ya Ariadne, njira yomwe adzawoneratu zinthu, kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa. Njira imeneyi iyenera kuperekedwa mu bukhu lokhudza pansophy, momwe dongosolo la chilengedwe ndi dongosolo la malingaliro lidzasunthira pang'onopang'ono ku nzeru ndi kuzindikira. Zidzakhala ndi chidziwitso chokhazikika komanso chothandiza, m'malo mwa mabuku ena onse. Mbiri yonse ya chidziwitso chokonzedwa motereyi ndi buku lothandizira kwambiri lomwe limagwirizana kwambiri ndi "malo osungirako" a zochitika zachirengedwe a Robert Hooke ku Royal Society, okonzedwa mogwirizana ndi magulu a John Wilkins mu "Chidziwitso Chachizindikiro Chachiyankhulo ndi Chifilosofi." Potsatira njira yachibadwayi, anthu adzalandira chidziwitso chokwanira cha chidziwitso chonse. Zotsatira za izi zidzakhala zenizeni zenizeni; Ndipo padzakhalanso dongosolo, kuwala ndi mtendere. Kupyolera mukusinthika uku, munthu ndi dziko lapansi adzabwerera ku dziko lofanana ndi ilo lisanagwe.

Zatsopano mu Maphunziro

Jan Comenius, yemwe analamula kuti kuyambira ali mwana, mwanayo adaphunzira kulinganitsa zinthu ndi mawu, amawona kuti chilankhulo cha chibadwidwe ndicho choyamba chodziŵa bwino chenichenicho, chomwe sichiyenera kukhudzidwa ndi mawu opanda pake ndi malingaliro osamvetsetseka. Kusukulu zilankhulo zina - makamaka za mayiko oyandikana nawo, ndiyeno Latin - ziyenera kuphunzitsidwa pakhomo, ndipo mabuku a sukulu ayenera kutsatira njira ya pansophy. "Khomo ku Zinenero" lidzapereka zomwezo monga "khomo la zinthu", ndipo zonsezi zidzakhala zochepa zolemba. Mabuku a sukulu ayenera kugawidwa m'magulu am'badwo ndipo amangoganizira za zinthu zomwe mwanayo ali nazo. Kuyankhulana kwachiyanjano, Chilatini ndi choyenera, koma Komensky ali ndi chidwi chofuna kuti chidziwitso cha chidziwitso changwiro chikhazikitsidwe chomwe chingawonetsere njira yoperekera pansophy, osati yosochera, komanso yosadziwika. Chilankhulo - ndi chonyamulira cha chidziwitso, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kolondola ndi kuphunzitsa ndi njira zenizeni zopezera kuwala ndi nzeru.

Moyo monga sukulu

Jan Comenius, amene aphunzitsi ake sankawongolera ku sukulu basi, komanso kwa magulu onse a zaka, ankakhulupirira kuti moyo wonse unali sukulu komanso kukonzekera moyo wosatha. Atsikana ndi anyamata ayenera kuphunzira pamodzi. Popeza anthu onse ali ndi chilakolako chachidziwitso cha chidziwitso ndi umulungu, ayenera kuphunzitsidwa mwadzidzidzi. Chilango chokhwimitsa sichingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kuphunzira koyipa sikolakwika kwa wophunzira, koma kumasonyeza kuti sitingathe mphunzitsi kuchita ntchito yake monga "mtumiki wa chirengedwe" kapena "wodziwa chidziwitso," monga comenius adanena.

Jan Amosi, yemwe maganizo ake amalingaliro ndi ofunikira kwambiri, ndipo, mwina, yekhayo amapereka kwa sayansi, adawaona kuti ndi njira yokha yosinthika kwa anthu, maziko omwe amapangidwira, ndi fioloje - cholinga chokha chowongolera. Kuchuluka kwa malemba a m'Baibulo mu ntchito zake ndi kukumbukira nthawi zonse za chitsimikizo ichi. Jan Comenius wa Bukhu la maulosi a Danieli ndi mavumbulutso a Yohane adawona njira yaikulu yopezera chidziwitso cha Zakachikwi zapafupi. Nkhani ya kufalitsa kwa maina kwa Adamu mu Genesis ndi nzeru ya Solomo inapanga lingaliro lake la munthu ndi kutsimikiza kwake kotero kuti lawonetsedwa mu Pansophia, chifukwa Mulungu "adakonza zonse ndi chiwerengero, chiwerengero ndi kulemera." Iye adadalira pa zovuta zowonongeka ndi zomangamanga za kachisi wa Solomo. Kwa iye, munthu anali, monga Adamu, pakati pa chilengedwe. Iye amadziwa chikhalidwe chonse ndipo motero amalamulira ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Choncho, kusandulika kwa munthu kunali kokha gawo la kusintha kwathunthu kwa dziko lapansi, komwe kungabwererenso kuyera kwake koyambirira ndi dongosolo ndikukhala msonkho wapamwamba kwa Mlengi wake.

Mwamuna wa nthawi yake

Yan Amosi Komensky chilichonse chopereka kwa sayansi kwambiri mlendo kwa chitukuko cha sayansi, umene unachitika pa nthawi. Anapanga kuwunika zina za ntchito yake, koma iwo kwathunthu ananyalanyaza kudalira ake pa postulates zolemba ndi lathu zamulungu. Komano, anthu angapo otchuka wa Royal Society anasonyeza ubwenzi wabwino ndi ambiri a maganizo ake. The Mwambi wa Society Nullius mu Verba chimagwirizanitsa malo kwambiri m'buku la Komeniasi "nzeru Natural, osandulika, mwa Kuwala Mulungu," ndipo zizichitika onse, lili ndi tanthauzo lofanana. Ichi ndi chikumbutso kuti miyambo ndi kutchuka ndi arbiters sikuchokeranso choonadi. Icho chaperekwa ndi chilengedwe, ndi anaziika ndiyekhayo wa nzeru yeniyeni. Ambiri takambirana vuto la mgwirizano wa pakati pa Komeniasi ndi oyambirira Royal Society akadali sichinayambe kuthetsedwa, makamaka chifukwa zokambirana zachokera kudziwana zochepa ndi ntchito zake, ndipo pafupifupi mwathunthu sadziwa makalata ake.

Ziganizo za mphamvu ya Czech wokonzanso mu Leibniz akukokomeza kwambiri. Zinali lililonse chiwonetsero cha zikhulupiriro, ziphunzitso ndi mavuto a nthawi, kuti malingaliro omwewo zowonetseredwa ndi ena, agwilitse malo apamwamba mu ntchito oyambirira Leibniz. Yan Amosi Komensky maganizo ake n'kutunga zamulungu Chibohemiya Abale (ndi zizolowezi awo amphamvu chiliastic), komanso ngati umunthu otchuka monga Johann Valentin Andreae, Yakob Beme, Nikolay Kuzansky, Juan Luis Vives, Bacon, Campanella, Raymond wa Sabunde (Theologia naturalis amene anafalitsa ku Amsterdam mu 1661, wotchedwa Oculus fidei) ndi Mersenne, amene makalata amasonyeza maganizo abwino kwa Komeniasi ndi ntchito yake.