Momwe izo zinaliri: nthano ya Norman

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, nthano ya Norman inafotokozedwa ndi akatswiri atatu a Chijeremani, H. Miller, A. Schlozer ndi G. Bayer, pakati pa zaka za zana la khumi, ndipo zaka mazana awiri zikubwerazi zovutazo sizinaleke.

Chiphunzitsocho chimachokera ku nthano yakale, malinga ndi zomwe Asilamu a Kum'maŵa anali osagwira ntchito, mpaka A Varangi adalanda dziko la Slavic ndikubweretsa maziko a boma ndi zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe.

Nthano ya Norman: "chifukwa" ndi "motsutsa"

Mwachibadwa, monga lingaliro lirilonse liri ndi mafanizidwe awo ndi otsutsa, kotero chiphunzitso cha Norman chiri ndi omvera ake ndi anthu omwe amawona kuti ndizosamveka. Mfundo zoyamba zogwirizana ndi chiphunzitsochi sichidziwika ndi M.V. Lomonosov. Panthawiyi, pangakhale zovuta zokhudzana ndi chikoka cha Varangians ku Rus, chomwe chinapezekanso m'malemba a olemba ambiri. Koma vuto lalikulu la anthu ogwira ntchito (anthu omwe anatsutsa mfundoyi pamutu) zinali zosatheka kutsutsa maziko ake - "The Tale of Bygone Years", chifukwa ntchitoyi inavomerezedwa kuti ndi mbiri yakale, yomwe ilipo.

Ngakhale kuti a Normanist adatanthauzira mawu akuti "Rus", omwe adatengedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku Scandinavians, otsutsa awo ankafunafuna mabaibulo ena, omwe mwinamwake angapangitse Norman chimodzi. Mfundo yamafuta mumutuwu anaika V. Thomsen, yemwe mu 1891 anafalitsa ntchito yotchedwa "The Beginning of the Russian State." Mmenemo, adakambirana mfundo zazikulu zomwe nthano ya Norman inakhazikitsidwa, pambuyo pake olemba mbiri ndi anti-Romanists ambiri adatsimikizira kuti chiphunzitso cha Scandinavia chiyambi cha Rus chikhoza kuonedwa ngati chotsimikiziridwa.

Chidwi chatsopano pa chiyambi cha Russia chinayamba kale mu Soviet, pamene masomphenya a mbiri yakale ya Russia ankawonekera kupyolera mu ndende ya Socialist. Panthawi imeneyi, chiphunzitso cha Norman chinatsutsidwa kenanso chifukwa cha buku la A.A. Shakhmatova. Ntchito imeneyi inali yodziwika ndi chiyambi cha Asilavo ndi boma la Russia.

Pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kwake kwa mbiriyi, adakhazikitsa mfundo yotsatira ndi yolondola yonena za kuitanidwa kwa akalonga a Varangian, zomwe zinalembedwa ndi nthano yonse ya Norman. Ntchito ina yotsutsa anthu, yomwe inalembedwa m'ma 1920, inali buku lolembedwa ndi P. Smirnov "Njira ya Volga ndi Zakale Zakale," momwe mlembiyo anayesera kukana chiphunzitso ichi pogwiritsa ntchito zolemba zakale za olemba Achiarabu. M'buku lake, Smirnov anagwirizanitsa kuti dziko lakale la Russia silinayende ndi njira yodziwika bwino "kuchokera ku Varangians kupita ku Greece", koma ndi njira ya Volga "kuchokera ku Baltic - pafupi ndi Volga ku nyanja ya Caspian". Malingana ndi lingaliro lake, dziko loyamba la Russia linakhazikitsidwa mu Middle Volga. Lingaliro latsopano la chiyambi cha Asilavo linali lochititsa chidwi ndi loyambirira, koma losasangalatsa, choncho sadapeze thandizo ngakhale kwa otsutsa a sukulu ya anti-Norman.

Ambiri mwa nthano ya Norman apeza chithandizo kuchokera kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale a zakunja omwe amakhulupirira kuti Asilavo sangakwanitse kupita patsogolo pazinthu zokhazokha popanda kusokonezeka kwina ndi utsogoleri. Makamaka, iyo inali yofalitsidwa mwakhama mu nthawi ya nkhondo mu fascist Germany. Mpaka lero, funso la kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma la Russia laleka kukhala loyenera kwa olemba mbiri. Kwazaka 30 zapitazi, mabuku ndi zochepa zolembedwa pa nkhaniyi zalembedwa, koma izi sizikutanthauza kupambana kwa chiphunzitso cha Norman.

Mphamvu ndi kufunika kwa akalonga a Varangian pakupangidwa kwa dziko lakale la Russia sikungathe kuchepetsedwa kapena kuiwalika, komatu siyeneranso kupambanitsa. Norman ndi antinorman nthano ali ndi ufulu wokhalapo, omwe mwa iwo ali owonadi kwenikweni, ife sitidziwa posachedwa.