Maphunziro a sayansi ya magazi, ntchito ya magazi

Popanda magazi, moyo sungatheke. Mu thupi laumunthu, ilo limapanga ntchito zingapo zofunika. Pali zingapo, koma n'zovuta kuyang'ana izi. Mkhalidwe wa magazi umadalira ntchito ya mtima, ziwalo ndi mitsempha ya magazi.

Ntchito ndi zizindikiro za thupi zimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale ndi thupi. Kuti muwamvetse iwo, ndi kofunika kuti mupite mwakuya mu kuphunzira za thupi la thupi la munthu. Payekha, tiyenera kuganizira zinthu zomwe zili m'magazi, komanso zida za plasma.

Zochitika Zachikhalidwe

Magazi ndi ofunika kwa munthu pa zifukwa zingapo. Ndi ma subspecies of maleicular tishu. Mwazi uli ndi maselo ofanana ndi madzi (plasma).

Gulu loyamba limaphatikizapo erythrocytes, platelets ndi leukocytes. Mtundu uliwonse wa magazi amatha kugwira ntchito zina. Magazi awo onse amawerengera mpaka 45%. Plasma ndi madzi otsekemera ndipo ndi 55% ya misala.

Chiŵerengero cha magawo omwe amagawidwa mwa magazi ku buku lonselo amatchedwa hematocrit. Kugonana kumakhudza thupi lachilengedwe. Ma physiology a oimira amuna amasonyeza nambala ya hematocrit kuyambira 41 mpaka 48%, ndi yazimayi - kuyambira 37 mpaka 43%. Mphamvu yake imayendetsedwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana za thupi la munthu. Zingasinthe kusakaniza ndi kudzipatula kwa salitsi, ludzu, malamulo a mapuloteni a metabolism kapena kupanga maselo ofiira a magazi.

Mwachitsanzo, pamene kukwera mapiri, komwe kumakhala mpweya wambiri, mankhwalawa amakula chifukwa cha kufunika kokhala ndi mpweya wabwino kwa thupi. Magazi a magazi, omwe ali m'thupi la munthu wamkulu, amafika pafupifupi 5 malita. Izi ndi pafupifupi 7% ya misala yonseyi.

Nchifukwa chiyani ndikusowa magazi?

Ntchito ndi maonekedwe a magazi zimapereka ntchito yachibadwa ya thupi la munthu. Ntchito zazikuluzikuluzi zimaphatikizapo kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, kapangidwe ka zinthu zoteteza thupi, komanso kuteteza katundu ndi kukonzanso kukonzanso minofu.

Ntchito yotengeramo ili ndi mbali zingapo. Njira yoyendera magazi imatenga mpweya wa oxygen, n'kuchotsa carbon dioxide (kupuma). Komanso, malingaliro amtengowo amaphatikizapo kubweretsa zakudya ku machitidwe onse. Gululi limaphatikizapo kuyendetsa bwino magazi. Amagwiritsa ntchito zotsirizira zamagetsi zamtunduwu ndikuzitengera ku ziwalo zobisika.

Cholinga chachikulu cha magazi ndikutentha kwa malo omwe amapangidwira kumalo ena. Kusungiranso kusinthika kwa minofu ndi ma homeostasis chifukwa cha njira zamagetsi.

Magazi amayendetsanso kusintha kwa mahomoni ndi zinthu zina. Ntchito yotetezera ndiyo kuteteza thupi. Kwa ichi, njira zingapo zimachitika m'thupi la munthu.

Zamtengo Wapatali

Kuti munthu amve bwino, m'pofunika kuti azigwira ntchito zonse za magazi nthawi zonse. Koma kuwonjezera apo, pali zizindikiro zingapo zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la thupi. Izi ndizimene zimayambitsa magazi. Mwachidule, iwo akhoza kulembedwa, koma aliyense amafunikanso kulingalira mwatsatanetsatane.

Zizindikiro zazikulu za dziko la circulatory dongosolo ndi oncotic ndi osmotic, kuyimitsa katundu. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chizindikiro monga colloidal plasma bata. Makhalidwe apamwamba omwe amawerengedwanso mu kafukufuku wa ma laboratori ndi maonekedwe a mitsempha yowonjezera ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe a magazi. Zonse zolembedwamo ziyenera kukhala zowonongeka, mwinamwake ubwino wa munthu umakula kwambiri, chifukwa magazi amatha kupyolera mu machitidwe onse, kudyetsa selo iliyonse. Thanzi lake limadalira mwachindunji makhalidwe ake.

Osmotic mtundu wa kukakamizidwa

Poganizira zofunikira za magazi, ndizofunikira koyamba kumvetsera khalidwe lake, monga mtundu wa osmotic. Chizindikiro ichi chimadalira kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungunuka mu pulama.

Zikhoza kukhala zopanda electrolytes ndi electrolytes. Zida zonsezi zimakhala zovuta. NaCl imapanga zambiri za izi. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwazinthu zonsezi zimakhala 95 peresenti ya chisokonezo cha osmotic.

Kawirikawiri kwa munthu wachikulire chiwerengerochi ndi 7.5-7.6 atm. Izi zimatchedwa njira yothetsera thupi, mchere womwe uli ndi 0.86%. Koma ngati chizindikiro cha NaCl chokhutira chikuwonjezeka, ndiye kuti ndondomeko yake ndi, motero, kupanikizika. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa "hypertonic." Kugwetsa mchere kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa chipsinjo. Izi zimayambitsa maonekedwe a hypotonic.

Kusiyana kwa kusokonezeka kwa osmotic

Kuphulika kwa mankhwala a physico-chemical omwe amagwirizana ndi osmotic kukakamiza kumabweretsa zovuta za dongosolo. Zomwe zimapangidwira thupi, pa mfundoyi, zimathandizira njira yothetsera vutolo kudzera m'magulu osakanikirana. Ndipo kayendetsedwe kake kamapangidwa kuchokera ku madzi ndi mchere wochepetsetsa mchere mpaka umodzi wodzaza.

Pamene mtundu wa hypertonic ulipo, maselo ofiira ofiira amataya madzi, omwe amachititsa makwinya. Ngati kuchepa kwa mtundu wocheperako kumawonekera, ndiye kuti akuwonjezeka. Pankhaniyi, maselo ofiira amatha kupasuka. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa hemolysis osmotic. Kupanda maselo ofiira ofiira ndi owopsa kwa anthu.

Mtundu wa oncotic

M'madera ena, mapuloteni amatha kupangitsanso kupanikizika, choncho ndikofunikira kudziwa hematological mankhwala. Ma physico-chemical properties a magazi amafufuzidwanso ndi mitundu yambiri ya oncotic.

Mapuloteni omwe ali mu plasma, zovuta kuthana ndi zoonda za capillary ziwiya. Mavuto a oncotic amakulolani kuti musungunuke madzi m'magazi. Amapangidwa makamaka ndi albumins. Chiwerengero chawo mu plasma ndicho chapamwamba kwambiri.

Ngati, pazifukwa zina, chiwerengero cha albumin mu plasma sichiwerengedwa, ziphuphu zimayamba kutupa. Pamene chiwerengero chikuwonjezereka, kusintha komweku kumapezeka. Madzi ochulukirapo amasungidwa mu dongosolo lozungulira. Kuphwanya chizindikiro ichi kumamvekanso ndi munthu.

Kukhazikika kwa colloidal

Kukhazikika kwa colloidal, komwe kumawonedwa mu plasma, kumaloŵanso mu thupi lachilengedwe. Mapuloteni a njira imeneyi amaperekedwa ndi ma hydriculation of proteins.

Pa chipolopolo chawo pali malaya awiri a ionic amagetsi. Iwo amapanga chomwe chimatchedwa pamwamba chotheka. Ikhozanso kuthandizidwa ndi kutchinga komwe kumachitika pamwamba pa tinthu. Ikuchitika mu njira yothetsera. Kuchita izi kumawonekera pa maonekedwe a uniforms mlandu, momwe particles akutsutsa.

Njira zoterezi zimatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa colloidal solutions, kuteteza mapangidwe a masango. Pamwamba phindu la zomwe angathe, mphamvu za mapuloteni zimachotsedwa.

Mlingo wa kukhazikika kwa njirayi umatchedwa zeta. Chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri zomwe zili m'maplasma pakati pa mapuloteni onse omwe ndi albumins, ubongo wa colloidal umadalira makamaka pa iwo.

Makhalidwe okwezedwa

Kufufuza za physico-chemical malingaliro a magazi, tiyenera kumvetsera kuimitsa katundu. Amayanjanitsidwa ndi kukhazikika kwa mapuloteni mu plasma. Maselo a maselo ayenera kukhala osungidwa m'malo oimitsidwa. Mlingo wa erythrocytes (ESR) wa mchere umakhala chizindikiro chachikulu cha kuimitsidwa kwa magazi.

Kufufuza kwa njirayi kumachitika mwazigawo zoyenera magazi. Albumins amajambulidwa pamwamba pa maselo ofiira a magazi. Pamene akuwonjezereka, amatha kukweza mphamvu.

Ngati mlingo wa globulins kapena mapuloteni ena osasunthika amatha kuwonjezeka m'magazi, ndiye kuti ESR idzawonjezeka. Kuyimitsa katundu mu nkhani iyi yafupika. Chizoloŵezi cha chizindikiro ichi mwa amuna ndi 5-11 mm / h, ndipo kwa amayi - 6-12 mm / h.

Magazi a viscosity

Zizindikiro zamagazi zimaphunziridwa mmaonekedwe ake. Iwo ndi ofunikira osati osachepera zizindikiro zina.

Kusadziletsa ndi kuthekera kwa ma particles ena polemekeza ena kukana kuyendera madzi chifukwa cha kukakamiza. Iyi ndi njira yovuta yogwirizanirana m'magazi a madzi, mamolekyu a colloids mbali imodzi, ziwalo zofanana ndi plasma - pamzake.

Mamasukidwe akayendedwe a plasma pa chifukwa chimenechi ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi a magazi. Amatha kufanana ndi madzi. Pachifukwa ichi, plasma viscosity ndi 1.9-2.4 nthawi zoposa, ndi mwazi - kasanu. Ngati chiwerengero cha erythrocyte chikukwera, chiwerengero cha hematocrit chimawonjezeka, ma viscosity akuwonjezeka.

Kuwonjezeka kwachabechabe kumawonjezeka

Kusiyanitsa kuli kotheka m'ndondomeko ya viscous, yomwe imasonyeza kuti physico-chemical properties ya magazi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayang'ana njirayi movuta. Kuphatikiza pa kuwonjezeka kwa erythrocyte, ikhoza kusinthidwa ndi kusintha kwa plasma. Mitundu ya mapuloteni othamanga kwambiri mkati mwake, apamwamba kwambiri.

Izi zimathandizidwanso ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa khalidwe la magazi. Ngati erythrocytes amapanga mawonekedwe, mamasukidwe akayendedwe amakhalanso akuwonjezeka.

Magazi ndi mawonekedwe osagwirizana. Kutsika kwa magazi kungathandizenso kuchepetsa mamasukidwe ake. Ndipo, mosiyana, kuchepa kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe amapezeka pansi pa chikoka chapamwamba. Kukonzekera kwa dongosolo kumaphwanya. Ngati capillaries zochepa mpaka 150 microns kapena zochepa, ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe amachepetsa. Kuchokera kuchizindikiro ichi, ntchito ya mtima wa munthu imadalira mwachindunji.

Kulemera kwakukulu

Kusintha kwa maonekedwe a magazi kumawonetsedwa mu ntchito ya thupi lililonse. Pazomwe zikufunikira kuigwira ndi parameter, monga mphamvu yokoka. Zimadalira kuchuluka kwa erythrocytes, komanso hemoglobin yomwe ili mkati mwake.

Maonekedwe a plasma, mosakayika, amathandiza kwambiri. Magazi enieni a magazi ndi 1.05-1.06 mwa munthu wamkulu. Mwa amuna, chiwerengero cha maselo ofiira ndi apamwamba, kotero chiwerengero ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri.

Pazifukwa zowonjezera kutayika kwa thupi (mwachitsanzo, nyengo yotentha, mu chipinda chopanda pake) kulemera kwa magazi kumatuluka. Plasma ndi yotsika kusiyana ndi erythrocytes. Choncho, ndi kutayika kwa madzi, kutuluka kwa hematocrit. Kuti abwezeretse chiwerengerochi, ubongo umatumiza chizindikiro cha ludzu. Izi zimakuthandizani kubwezeretsa madzi. Choncho, kutentha, kufunika kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi kukuwonjezeka.

Plasma

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a m'magazi amafunikanso kulingalira mwatsatanetsatane. Chifukwa cha mapuloteni omwe ali mu puloteniyi, ntchito zambiri zimachitika.

Plasma imayendetsa mchere wa madzi, imasunga osmotic. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pa thanzi labwino. Chifukwa cha kupsyinjika kwa oncotic, imapereka mlingo woyenera wa homeostasis. Chifukwa cha plasma, mamasukidwe a mamasukidwe akayendedwe, coagulability, ntchito zoteteza zimasungidwanso.

Izi zimaphatikizapo kusunga mlingo woyenera wa acid-base base. Plasma ndi malo oteteza amino acid. Izi zimathandiza magazi kuti akwaniritse ntchito zake zamagulu. Mu plasma, mahomoni ndi mafuta acids amanyamulidwa.

Pambuyo pofufuza za physico-chemical properties za magazi, munthu amatha kuzindikira kufunika kwake kwa zamoyo. Kusunga zikhalidwe zonse pamlingo woyenera ndichinsinsi cha thanzi ndi ntchito yoyenera ya dongosolo lonse la mtima. Ngakhale zochepa zazing'ono m'mayendedwe ndi malo a magazi, plasma yake imakhudza moyo wa munthuyo.

Kuzizindikiro za thupi zomwe muyenera kumvetsera kuti muthe. Ngati zipangizo zilizonse sizikwanira kuti zizoloŵezi zimagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino, munthu amamva kuti sangathe. Zikatero ndizofunika kukaonana ndi katswiri wamagazi.