Mitundu ya connective dongosolo minofu ndi ntchito

Anthu, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya minofu. Iwo onse amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wathu. Imodzi yofunika kwambiri ndi minofu connective. kulemera yake yeniyeni ndi pafupifupi 50% ya kulemera anthu. Ndi kugwirizana kuti zikugwirizana pamodzi zonse zimakhala wathu. Izo zimatengera chikhalidwe cha ambiri a ntchito za thupi. Zotsatirazi amaonedwa osiyanasiyana minofu connective.

mwachidule

Connective minofu, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya omwe anaphunzira kwa zaka zambiri, ndi amene ntchito ziwalo zambiri ndipo kachitidwe. Yake yeniyeni mphamvu yokoka pa 60 ndi 90% ya kulemera kwawo. Ndipamene chimango thandizo, wotchedwa stroma, ndi integument limba, wotchedwa dermis. mbali yaikulu ya minofu connective:

• magwero ofanana a mesenchymal ya;
• structural kufanana;
• pogwira ntchito thandizo.

Waukulu mbali ya olimba connective minofu amatanthauza fibrous mtundu. Amakhala elastin ndi kolajeni ulusi. Pamodzi ndi zaminyewa connective minofu ndi mbali yofunika ya pakhungu. Pa nthawi yomweyo chimagwirizanitsa ndi ulusi minofu.

Connective minofu ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi ena kuti zikufotokozedwa mu thupi 4 limati osiyana:

• CHIKWANGWANI (Mitsemphayi, tendons, fascia);
• molimba (fupa);
• gel osakaniza (chichereŵechereŵe m'mfundo);
• madzimadzi (lymph, magazi, intercellular, synovial, cerebrospinal madzimadzi).

Komanso, oimira mtundu wa nsalu ndi: sarcolemma, mafuta, extracellular masanjidwewo Iris, sclera, microglia.

Kapangidwe ka minofu connective

Pamafunikanso maselo amodzi (fibroblasts, fibroblasts) amapanga zinthu m'munsi. Lilinso ndi mapangidwe fibrous. Iwo akuyimira chinthu intercellular. Komanso, lili zosiyanasiyana maselo ufulu (mafuta, kuyendayenda, wonenepa ndi ena.). minofu Connective imakhala ya masanjidwewo extracellular (m'munsi). Odzola ngati kugwirizana kwa thunthu ndi chifukwa kapangidwe kake. Masanjidwewo ndi gel osakaniza kwambiri hydrated aumbike mwa mankhwala mkulu maselo kulemera. Iwo amapanga pafupifupi 30% ya kulemera kwa chinthu intercellular. Choncho otsala 70% ndi madzi.

Gulu la zimakhala connective

Gulu la mtundu uwu wa minofu ndi kumva mwa yosiyanasiyana. Choncho, mitundu yake yaikulu zidzasankhidwa, nayenso ali ndi magulu osiyana. Kusiyanitsa mitundu zotsatirazi:

• Kwenikweni connective minofu imene wapadera fibrous ndi yeniyeni, osiyana katundu wapadera. Woyamba lagawidwa: lotayirira ndi wandiweyani (sanali kumaliseche ndi chilolezo), ndipo chachiwiri - mu mafuta, reticular, mucous, pigment.
• Mafupa, amene lagawidwa chichereŵechereŵe ndi fupa.
• Trophic, umene magazi ndi lymph.

Aliyense minofu connective Mzimuyo zinchito ndi morphological umphumphu wa chamoyo. Iye ali ziwalo khalidwe:

• minofu specialization;
• amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira;
• multifunctionality;
• kusinthasintha;
• polymorphism ndi multicomponent.

ntchito General wa minofu connective

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya minofu connective kuchita ntchito zotsatirazi:

• structural;
• makonzedwe a muyezo madzi amchere;
• trophic;
• mawotchi chitetezo a Chigaza ya;
• ndi akamaumba (mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a diso anatsimikiza mtima sclera a);
• kuonetsetsa mosalekeza wa permeability minofu;
• minofu ndi mafupa makina (chichereŵechereŵe ndi fupa, tendons ndi aponeuroses);
• zoteteza (immunology ndi phagocytosis);
• pulasitiki (anatengera kwa zinthu zatsopano chilengedwe, chilonda machiritso);
• homeostatic (nawo ndondomeko zofunika za thupi).

Mu mau, ntchito ya minofu connective:

• nayikapo thupi mawonekedwe bata, mphamvu;
• chitetezo, ndi ❖ kuyanika pawiri viscera pakati pawo.

The Ntchito yaikulu ali intercellular mankhwala connective minofu thandizo. maziko ake kagayidwe yachibadwa. Ubongo ndi minofu connective waperekedwa ndipo mogwirizana kwa machitidwe osiyanasiyana limba ndi lamulo awo.

Kapangidwe ka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsalu

Kapangidwe ka minofu connective imasiyana malingana mtundu wake. Amakhala ndi maselo osiyana ndi intercellular mankhwala. Chinthu chapadera cha nsalu iyi - mkulu regenerative mphamvu. Iwo amakhala ndi plasticity ndipo anatengera zabwino kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. mtundu uliwonse wa minofu connective kukula ndi kukhala likuvutika kubalana ndi kusintha kwa achinyamata maselo undifferentiated. Iwo anachokera ku mesenchyme, amene akuimira minofu embryonic anapanga kuchokera mesoderm (pakati wosanjikiza nyongolosi).

Intercellular mankhwala otchedwa extracellular masanjidwewo, muli kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osiyana (zochita kupanga ndi organic). Ndi pa zikuchokera awo ndi kuchuluka zimadalira kugwirizana ndi minofu connective. zinthu zina, monga magazi ndi lymph ali mu kapangidwe kake intercellular mankhwala mu madzi mawonekedwe, otchedwa plasma. Chichereŵechereŵe masanjidwewo ali mawonekedwe a gel osakaniza a. Intercellular mankhwala fupa ndi tendon ulusi olimba insoluble zipangizo.

Lili ndi extracellular masanjidwewo mapuloteni monga elastin ndi kolajeni, proteoglycans ndi glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Kapangidwe zake monga structural mapuloteni laminin ndi fibronectin.

Khalidwe ndi wandiweyani connective minofu

Izi mitundu ya minofu connective muli maselo kapangidwe ndi extracellular masanjidwewo. Mu lotayirira awo kwambiri kuposa mu wandiweyani. Chakumapeto chogwidwa ndi zosiyanasiyana ulusi. Ntchito ya zimakhala awa anatsimikiza mtima chiŵerengero maselo ndi zinthu intercellular. Mwachisawawa-connective minofu imagwira ntchito makamaka trophic. Mu nkhani iyi, kumatanthauza kuti muthandize pa ntchito makina. Chichereŵechereŵe, fupa ndi kuli fibrous connective minofu thupi ntchito minofu ndi mafupa mawotchi ntchito. Ena - trophic ndi zoteteza.

Khalidwe connective minofu

Unformed lotayirira fibrous connective minofu, kapangidwe ndi ntchito imene anafotokozedwa ndi maselo ake, opezeka mu ziwalo zonse. Ambiri a iwo ndipamene maziko (stroma). Amakhala kolajeni ndi zotanuka ulusi, fibroblasts, macrophages, maselo plasma. nsalu Izi limodzi ndi zotengera za m'thupi. Kupyolera CHIKWANGWANI ake lotayirira ndi ndondomeko wa maselo a mwazi ndi kagayidwe, imene kusintha kumachitika chakudya mu minofu.

Thunthu intercellular ndi 3 yonse ya ulusi:

• Kolajeni kuti apite mu madera osiyana. ulusi awa ndi mawonekedwe a molunjika ndi undulated zingwe (kaduka). makulidwe awo ndi 1-4 microns.
• Zotanuka, pang'ono thicker kolajeni ulusi. Likugwirizana (anastomosed) kwa wina ndi mzake, kupanga maukonde shirokopletistuyu.
• Reticular yodziwika ndi kuchepa thupi lawo. Iwo imachitika mu thumba.

zinthu ma lotayirira minofu fibrous ndi:

• Fibroblasts, amene ali ochuluka kuposa. Ali mawonekedwe spindle. Ambiri a iwo zili ndi spikes. Fibroblasts amatha kubereka. Iwo kutenga mbali mu mapangidwe wa chinthu chachikulu cha mtundu wa nsalu, kukhala maziko a ulusi wake. Maselo amenewa kubala kolajeni ndi elastin, komanso zinthu zina za masanjidwewo extracellular. fibroblasts amangokhala otchedwa fibrocytes. Fibroklasty - ndi maselo akhoza kudya ndi kuwaphunzira masanjidwewo extracellular. Atakhwima fibroblasts.
• Macrophages, sipangakhalenso adzakhale elongated ndi akalumikidzidwa osasamba. Maselo amenewa akhoza kudya ndi kumvetsera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi minofu necrotic, n'chongoletsa poizoni. Iwo amagwira ntchito mapangidwe chitetezo chokwanira. Iwo anawagawa gistotsity (pokhala mu boma quiescent) ndipo akupezeka (kuyendayenda) maselo. Macrophages amadziŵika ndi luso lawo kayendedwe amoeboid. Malinga ndi chiyambi awo ali monocytes magazi.
• Maselo mafuta amatha kudziunjikira mu cytoplasm wa malo katundu mu mawonekedwe a madontho. Iwo n'lozungulira ndi wokhoza aithamangitse ena structural unit wa zimakhala. Izi ndipamene wandiweyani adipose connective minofu. Kumatetezera thupi ku imfa kutentha. Anthu, minofu adipose ndi ambiri pansi pa khungu pakati pa ziwalo mkati, mu bokosi stuffing. Iwo agawidwa woyera ndi zofiirira.
• Maselo plasma mu zimakhala matumbo, mafupa ndi lymph mfundo. Ang'onoang'ono mayunitsi structural amadziŵika ndi kuzungulira awo kapena mawonekedwe chowulungika. Iwo mbali yofunika kwambiri mu machitidwe chitetezo ya thupi. Mwachitsanzo, mu kaphatikizidwe wa oteteza thupi. maselo a m'magazi kubala globulins magazi, lomwe mbali yofunika kwambiri mu uziyenda yachibadwa ya thupi.
• maselo mlongoti nthawi zambiri amatchedwa basophils minofu yodziwika ndi grit awo. Mu cytoplasm awo lili granules wapadera. Iwo anabwera akalumikidzidwa osiyana. Maselo amenewa zili zimakhala ziwalo zonse ndi wosanjikiza lotayirira connective minofu unformed. Iwo wapangidwa ndi zinthu monga heparin, asidi hyaluronic, histamine. mwachindunji cholinga awo - ndi katulutsidwe wa zinthu zimenezi ndi lamulo la microcirculation mu zimakhala ndi. Amaonedwa maselo mthupi la mtundu wa minofu ndipo amachititsa kutupa iliyonse ndipo thupi lawo siligwirizana. Minofu basophils ali anaikira padziko mitsempha ndi lymph mfundo pansi pa khungu yofiira mafupa, ndulu.
• maselo Inki (melanocytes) kukhala kwambiri nthambi mawonekedwe. Iwo ali melanin. Maselo amenewa akupezeka mu khungu ndi Iris wa diso. Ndi chiyambi secrete maselo ectodermal, komanso ena ofanana otchedwa Crest ubongo.
• Adveptitsialnye maselo, zomwe zili pamodzi ziwiya magazi (capillaries). Iwo kusiyana ndi mawonekedwe awo elongated ndipo pa malo a pakati. Izi mayunitsi structural akhoza kuchulukitsa ndi kusintha mu njira zina. Zinali ndalama zawo pali kumalizidwa kwa maselo akufa kwa minofu.

Wandiweyani fibrous connective minofu

Kwa minofu connective amatanthauza nsalu:

• Wandiweyani unformed, chomwe ambiri ulusi kuli anakonza. Pamafunikanso ochepa maselo oyenerera therebetween.
• Wandiweyani kalembedwe, kusiyana ndi makonzedwe apadera ulusi connective minofu. Ndi zofunika Mitsemphayi chuma nyumba ndi nyumba zina m'thupi. Mwachitsanzo, tendon popangidwa ndi mosamala spaced kufanana puchochkami kolajeni ulusi umene unali pakati wodzala ndi chinthu zofunika ndi woonda zotanuka maukonde. Kuli fibrous connective minofu ya mtundu umenewu muli kokha fibroblasts-maselo.

Anachira akadali therefrom CHIKWANGWANI zotanuka, zomwe zigwirizana mitolo angapo (mawu). Awa, chipolopolo anapanga ziwiya chonse, ndi trachea ndi bronchi khoma. Iwo flattened kapena anamaliza wandiweyani ulusi zotanuka ndi yomweyi, ndipo ambiri a iwo nthambi. Umene unali pakati pawo amatenga lotayirira osasamba connective minofu.

chichereŵechereŵe

maselo lumikiza anapanga minofu cartilaginous ndi buku lalikulu wa chinthu intercellular. Bukuli lakonzedwa kuti agwire ntchito makina. Pali 2 mitundu ya maselo n'kupanga nsalu izi:

1. Chondrocytes, ali ndi mawonekedwe chowulungika ndi pakati. Zikupezeka makapisozi, amene ponseponse thunthu intercellular.
2. Chondroblasts, amene flattened maselo wamng'ono. Iwo ali pa periphery wa chichereŵechereŵe lapansi.

Akatswiri kugawanitsa chichereŵechereŵe ku mitundu 3:

• Hyaline, kunachitika ziwalo zosiyanasiyana, monga nthiti, mafupa, Airways. Intercellular thunthu la chichereŵechereŵe translucent. Iwo ali kugwirizana yosalala. Hyaline chichereŵechereŵe yokutidwa ndi perichondrium. Iwo ali bluish-woyera hue. Amakhala ndi mafupa a mwana wosabadwayo lapansi.
• Zotanuka, umene ndi zomangila ya m'phuno, ndi epiglottis, kunja khutu ngalande makoma, chichereŵechereŵe wa auricle mbali yaing'ono bronchi. ulusi zotanuka amakonzedwa mu mankhwala ake intercellular. chichereŵechereŵe ino si calcium.
• Kolajeni, ndilo maziko a zimbale intervertebral, menisci, ndi pubis symphysis, ndi sternoclavicular olowa. masanjidwewo ake extracellular zizindikiro wandiweyani fibrous connective minofu, wopangidwa mwa kufanana kolajeni ulusi puchochkov.

Mtundu wa minofu connective, kaya malo mu thupi ali Kuphunzira chomwecho. Njirayi imatchedwa perichondrium. Iwo wapangidwa ndi wandiweyani fibrous minofu anapeka ulusi zotanuka ndi kolajeni. Iwo ali ambiri mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Chichereŵechereŵe ikukula chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo structural wa perichondrium lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo amatha mofulumira asinthe. Izi zinthu structural akusinthika ku maselo chichereŵechereŵe. nsalu uyu ali peculiarities yake. Choncho, masanjidwewo extracellular wa chichereŵechereŵe okhwima ali ziwiya magazi, kotero zoyendetsedwa kudzera mayamwidwe zinthu kuchokera perichondrium lapansi. nsalu Izi amakhala ndi kusinthasintha wake, kugonjetsedwa ndi kuthamanga ndipo ali softness chokwanira.

Polumikiza fupa minofu

Lumikiza fupa makamaka kuuma. Ichi ndi chifukwa calcification zinthu zake intercellular. Ntchito yaikulu ya minofu connective fupa - akuthandiza-makina. Kwa izo anamanga mafupa onse a mafupa a. Waukulu structural zinthu intaneti:

• Osteocytes (fupa maselo), omwe zovuta mawonekedwe Njira. Ali ndi pakati yaying'ono ya mithunzi mdima. Maselo amenewa akupezeka fupa mphako, Pogwirizana ndi contours ya osteocytes. Kukomera therebetween intercellular mankhwala. Maselo amenewa sangathe kubereka.
• Osteoblasts, fupa ndi chinthu structural. Ali ndi mawonekedwe chonse. Mu ena a iwo pali mtima angapo. Osteoblasts ali periosteum lapansi.
• Osteoclasts, zomwe lalikulu multinucleated maselo nawo chiwonongeko cha calcified fupa ndi chichereŵechereŵe. M'moyo wa munthu pali kusintha kapangidwe ka nsalu. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi ndondomeko kugwa ikuchitika mapangidwe zinthu zatsopano akuwuka mu malo a chiwonongeko, ndipo periosteum lapansi. Mu zovuta izi nawo m'malo maselo, osteoclasts ndi osteoblasts.

Bone minofu limapangidwa thunthu intercellular ongokhala mankhwala amorphous pansi. Pali osseinovye CHIKWANGWANI zomwe sizipezeka mu ziwalo zina. Kwa minofu connective amatanthauza nsalu:

• coarse-fibered anapereka mwana wosabadwayo ndi;
• tsamba, kupezeka mu ana ndi akulu.

mtundu wa nsalu anapeka mayunitsi amenewa structural ngati mbale fupa. Iwo aumbike mwa maselo, pokhala makapisozi makamaka. Pakati pawo pali bwino fibered intercellular mankhwala, muli kashiamu mchere. Osseinovye ulusi kukhala makulidwe ndithu, mu mbale fupa foredeck wachibale kufanana kwa wina ndi mzake. Pogona mu njira ina. Mu oyandikana mbale fupa ulusi ndi perpendicular malangizo a zinthu zina. Izi zipangitsa mphamvu zazikulu za nsalu.

mbale Bone ili mu madera osiyana a thupi imakonzedwa mu dongosolo linalake. Iwo ndi nyumba zidutswa za mosabisa, tubular ndi mafupa losanganikirana. Aliyense mbale zimenezi n'zochokera machitidwe zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, fupa tubular wapangidwa ndi zigawo 3:

• Panja, momwe padziko mbale alipo a mayunitsi structural zotsatirazi wosanjikiza deta. Komabe, iwo alibe kupanga mphete wathunthu.
• Middle anapanga osteons, imene mbale fupa anapanga padziko mitsempha. Pankhaniyi, iwo anakonza concentrically.
• Internal, mmene wosanjikiza mbale fupa kukuchepetsa malo kumene mafupa.

Mafupa kukula ndi kubwezeretsedwa chifukwa awo kuphimba nkhope kunja kwa periosteum ongokhala minofu connective ndi osteoblasts wa CHIKWANGWANI chabwino. Mchere salt kudziwa mphamvu zawo. Ndi kuchepa kwa mavitamini ndi matenda m'thupi kashiamu zomwe kwambiri yafupika. Mafupa amapanga mafupa. Pa malo akuimira dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa.

Matenda oyamba ndi connective kufooka minofu

Osakwanira mphamvu ulusi kolajeni, kufooka zida ligamentous zingachititse matenda aakulu monga kupindika msana, mosabisa, hypermobility mafupa, ziwalo prolapse, retinal detachment, matenda magazi, sepsis, kufooka kwa mafupa, osteochondrosis, chilonda, edema, enaake ophwanya malungo, cellulitis. Ambiri akatswiri ndi pathological boma la connective minofu zikuphatikizapo kufooka kwa chitetezo cha m'thupi, popeza ndi amene magazi ndi lymphatic kachitidwe.