Ankaganizira - ndi ... nthambi ya zakuthambo kuti amaphunzira katundu ndi zamoyo wa chilengedwe chonse

Zakuthambo - ndi paradoxical sayansi kuti anthu walenga ngati ngakhale yekha. Zimatithandiza kudzera kuzipenya ndi kuwerengetsera kwenikweni tsiku lililonse kuchita atulukira zonse zatsopano, ndipo amachititsa ife tikuzindikira kuti ife sitikudziwa kanthu mwamtheradi zokhudza chilengedwe, nyenyezi ndiponso mapulaneti pafupi ndi maso athu dzuwa. Masiku ano, pali madera osiyanasiyana zakuthambo, Pakati pa akuluakulu ndi zotsatirazi: galactic ndi extragalactic zakuthambo, sayansi, nyenyezi, astrophysics, exobiology, astrochemistry ankaganizira. Mwatsatanetsatane kuganizira anali sayansi atsopano, ife tifike.

kutanthauza

Mu nkhani za sayansi ankaganizira - sayansi kuphunzira zikuluzikulu za chilengedwe. maziko ake ndi chiphunzitso zikuluzikulu ndipo mitunduyi ya zakuthambo, sayansi ndi masamu. Makamaka mu chimango cha sayansi amaphunzira zikuchokera wa chilengedwe chonse, matabwa ake, zaka ndi kusanduka kuchokera penipeni. Mu timapangira tanthauzo ankaganizira - chiŵerengero cha kuzipenya zakuthambo, analandira panyengo zosiyanasiyana ndi chiphunzitso cha relativity, amene anapereka dziko Albert Einstein. Ndi kupyolera mu izi anapeza thupi kumayambiriro 20th Century ankaganizira anakhala sayansi osiyana, yeniyeni, zochokera mitunduyi ndi zithunzi. Nthawi iyi ankaona mtundu wa gawo ephemeral za anthu, ndi chifukwa dziko sanali anazindikira kwambiri.

masukulu awiri - matchalitchi

Tsopano ankaganizira sayansi iwo unagawidwa mu nthambi ziwiri, komanso asayansi amene ali nthumwi zake. Empiricists kuchititsa ntchito yake chokhazikika pa kuzipenya wa zakuthambo komanso nkhani. Iwo kulenga zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana zenizeni ena pa Dziko Lapansi, chifukwa iwo amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zilizonse chifukwa, ndi kuchokera ku chenicheni. Theorists M'malo mwake, ali kuwerengetsera, zotsatira za maphunziro osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha ntchito zawo angagone wina chitsanzo malo omangapo nyumba gawo dzenje wakuda kapena chinthu china. Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti ankaganizira - sayansi kuti Maphunziro a chilengedwe chonse, ndi zopindulitsa, ndi chiphunzitso. masukulu onse anatengera lingaliro ambiri - Big Bang Chiphunzitsochi. Malinga zindikwanire, danga lonse ndi nthawi linachokera ku kamodzi nkhani otentha kwambiri ndi wandiweyani. Mosiyana kuti pali chachiwiri, kupatula otchuka, koma osati wopanda chiphunzitso tanthauzo. Iye ananena kuti chilengedwe - unit okhazikika, amene alibe chiyambi kapena mapeto, kapena chiyambi cha kugwa.

deta limene sayansi

Pali mfundo zisanu zofunika wa chilengedwe chonse, amene ntchito mu ankaganizira:

• Danga isotropic. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zinthu zonse danga - mapulaneti ndi asteroids ndi nyenyezi ndi mabowo wakuda - kusuntha erratically, kunja kwa dongosolo linalake, ankaganizira maphunziro ndendende gululi. M'madera ena angathe kudziunjikira ndi kupanga molakwika danga dera, kuthamanga ndi kutentha. Mu ena, m'malo mwake, kuti dissipate, rarefying danga yochepa.
• Nthawi zonse patsogolo malire. Makamaka akatswiri amaphunzira zamoyo wa chilengedwe chonse, komanso ndondomeko imeneyi, tikhoza kunena, zikuchitika pamaso pathu pomwe. zinthu zonse danga, ndi nyenyezi makamaka ikuyenda kutali Chrixitu. Kwakukulu angachite, liwiro kuenjezera mtunda.
• Afotokoze dziko lathuli, ndi isotropic. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti Earth, komanso kanjira kake - mbali wamba wa chilengedwe chonse kuti dongosolo la adzakhala osiyana pang'ono kuchokera nenani, m'madera pafupi ndi dziko Kepler-36B.
• Malinga ndi chiphunzitso Big Bang, ndi m'badwo wa Dziko Lapansi, onse asteroids, nyenyezi, nyenyezi ndi chilengedwe yokha za chomwecho. Zikamera wa nkhaniyi, ofufuza kumizidwa m'zaka zaka pafupifupi 20 biliyoni zaka, pamene nyenyezi akale anali biliyoni pa zaka 15 zapitazo. Kodi ambiri kutitsogolera ofukula, amene kukumba mafupa zapoizoni chiphona. Malinga ndi kafukufuku awa, likukhalira kuti Earth anaonekera kale kuposa nkhani zonse chilengedwe cha. Ndipotu asayansi akhala saganizira magawo a mtunda pakati pa nyenyezi. More Ziwerengero posachedwapa akusonyeza kuti chilengedwe chonse ali wopanda malire mu mawu a malo ndi mwa mawu a nthawi.
• Zinsinsi za dziko, umene uli kwambiri, mizu mu particles ake zing'onozing'ono - maatomu. Monga tidanena pamwamba, malo aliwonse ndi zofanana kwa gawo yapita pa dongosolo, amene ofufuza zamanga kuwerengera. Pa 10 maatomu wa hydrogen ndi chimodzi helium atomu.
• Mfundo yakuti M'malo mwake, zimatsimikizira kulondola kwa chiphunzitso cha kufutukuka okhazikika wa chilengedwe chonse n'chakuti pa mtunda waukulu SS quasars zambiri, amene moyo yogwira.

Lachitsanzo Cosmological wa chilengedwe chonse

A mwachidule mbiri ya chilengedwe chonse ndiwo wotchuka chiphunzitso Big Bang. Iye anabadwa kuyamika chiphunzitso Einstein ndi ambiri a relativity, lomwe linali maziko a zakuthambo zinthu zimene zooneka chitsanzo cha nkhani likukula. Baibulo yotereyi ikutsimikizidwanso pambuyo wasayansi Hubble juxtaposed mtunda pakati pa nyenyezi ndi changu chimene iwo amachoka mzake. Chitsimikiziro wachitatu ndi G. Gamow, amene anatulukira dziko mayikirowevu maziko poizoniyu. Ichi ndi maziko chodabwitsa anapeza kulikonse m'chilengedwe chonse ndipo ndi monga "Echo" wa m'badwo wa kuphulika lapansi.

Zosaneneka kutentha Bang

Code kuyesera kufotokoza kwa ana mmene zinthu zakuthambo anadza, nanena kuti kale kulibe kuposa mtola, koma zinali zodabwitsa ntchito ndi kutentha ndi kuthamanga mu izo. Mu zenizeni, mwachidule mbiri ya chilengedwe si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera chitsanzo ichi chidole. M'badwo wa dziko athu ozungulira salisiyanitsa biliyoni 20. Zaka. Pa nthawi thambo ankatanthauza kokha, zoipazi m'menemo zaka 10 ^{mpaka 90} makilogalamu / masentimita ^3. Zikatero, yokoka anatuluka. Mwa njira, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti liwu si chinachake osiyana kapena wapadera. Yokoka - izi ndi kupotoza malo, ndilo chifukwa osalimba a kanthu. Ikufotokoza chakuti olimba matupi dziko pafupi m'mlengalenga (ngakhale kochepa), ndi gasi maofesi ndi nyenyezi alibe munda. Choncho kwa zaka thambo kukodzedwa, kupanga enieni munda yokoka.

mavuto a akatswiri

Kutengera pa mfundo ya Big Bang zamangidwa ndi zitsanzo zina za chowonadi, chimene, mfundo, si zoopsa kuposa zofunika. Akamanena za nkhondo kwagona kuti chikhalidwe cha danga pa nthawi ya kubadwa, ndi isotropic mu izi - ndi maganizo amenewa akhoza anakonza pa maziko a kuphunzira SS. Kunja zili m'njira ya mapulaneti kudziwika kwa ife zinthu zosiyana kwambiri omwe mwina si isotropic. Asayansi anadziŵa pamaziko a mavuto atatu a akatswiri, amene kutali sangathe kuthetsedwa, koma chakudya cha ganizo zina ndi kafukufuku. Pansipa, tidzakhalanso tikambirane zambiri za iwo.

boma la chikhalidwe

Ndi chikhalidwe chimenecho amakhulupirira ambiri kukhala chibadidwe nkhaniyi nayamba pa chiyambi cha mulole basi yopeka. Zosaneneka osalimba, kupotozedwa malo ndi nthawi, kutentha sangaganize - onse masamu mu zikhalidwe lapadziko pa pepala, koma ngakhale zatsopano kakang'ono atalephera. Chifukwa vuto lalikulu la akatswiri - kusiyiratu ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko ku nthawi ya chiyambi. Ambiri mwina, poyambira anali boma osiyana a zinthu.

Chosowa isotropy

Theorists amakhulupirira kuti malo onse danga homogeneous, koma chitsanzo chosonyeza kuti si. Onani kuya kwa chilengedwe amasonyeza kuti mu malo amodzi pali limodzi zosaneneka za nyenyezi mu mlengalenga wina kanthu. Kumene, osalimba a nkhani m'dera onse danga si chomwecho. Choncho tikhoza kunena kuti kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi anisotropic, ndipo mankhwala ake zikuchokera sali yemweyo kulikonse.

Tatseka kapena kutsegula malo?

Tsopano ofufuza zinsinsi za chilengedwe bodza ziwalo zake laling'ono, limene tiyenera kusankha zotsatira zake. Iwo masamu kachulukidwe avareji kanthu, ndipo ngati chifukwa izo upambana mlingo yovuta, danga adzakhala wothinikizidwa, ndipo m'malo tidzakhala ndi kuphulika thonje. Ngati kachulukidwe n'chozama kupitirira mlingo wa malire, pamenepo chilengedwe chonse imatundumukira kosatha, ndi kuyeza malo ake, buku, ndi chabe zenizeni.

Wina chitsanzo chiyambi ndi zamoyo wa dziko lonse

Scientific ankaganizira - malo chidziwitso limene kwenikweni tsiku lililonse akumatulukira zinthu zatsopano anapanga, mfundo amayambira, omwe ndithu ndiponso zoti tingakwanitse. Komanso pali kudziwika mfundo Bang otchedwa chiphunzitso cha asymmetry kapena mogwirizana kwa nkhaniyo antimatter. Akukhulupirira kuti dziko mayikirowevu maziko cheza danga nthawi zonse kubadwa ndipo akupitiriza kutuluka chifukwa zimachitika pa nkhaniyi ndi antimatter. zinthu ziwirizi ali kutali ndi kukhala pa maziko ofanana danga. Cha nkhaniyo ndi zonse zimene timadziwa. Antimatter alipo yekha kwa anthu kuwerengetsera lapansi. Izo zinandipangitsa kukhulupirira kuti m'nthawi ya masekondi khumi kuli dziko panali kulephera chosokonekera, imene antiparticles anali ochepa, poyerekeza ndi particles, ndipo chifukwa chake sichikudziwika.

afterword

Ankaganizira - malo a chidziwitso kuti Maphunziro a chilengedwe wonse. Izi sayansi ongolankhula kuti akhoza nawatsimikizira kufotokoza zochitika zosiyanasiyana chilengedwe, kuti zifukwa izi kapena kuti kayendedwe ka nyenyezi ndi nyenyezi.