Sinuses wa Dura Mater (sinuses venous, ubongo sinuses): thunthu, ntchito

ubongo ndi thupi lomwe zipangitsa lamulo la ntchito yonse thupi. Iwo m'gulu zikuchokera chapakati mantha dongosolo. kuphunzira ubongo chinkhoswe ndi kupitiriza kuchita asayansi otchuka ndi madokotala padziko lonse.

mwachidule

ubongo chikuphatikizapo manyuroni biliyoni 25, kupanga kanthu imvi. Thupi imasiyana malingana kugonana. Mwachitsanzo, amuna ndi misa za 1375 ga mwa akazi - mu 1245 avareji chimachititsa 2% ya kulemera kwa thupi okwana. Choncho asayansi anapeza kuti mlingo wa kukula m'nzeru si zogwirizana kulemera ubongo. nzeru bwanji chiwerengero cha kugwirizana anakhazikitsa ulamuliro. maselo a mu ubongo ndi manyuroni ndi glia. Woyamba ikuyambitsa ndi kufalitsa nyemba, wachiwiri - ntchito zina. Mkati ubongo pali patsekeke. Iwo amatchedwa ventricles. M'madera thupi m'thupi patsogolo pathu achoke misempha cranial. Iwo wophatikizidwa. Total imasiyana ubongo awiriawiri 12 misempha. Brain chivundikiro atatu chipolopolo: zofewa, olimbika, ndi arachnoid. pali mipata pakati pa iwo. Mu pali kufalitsa madzimadzi cerebrospinal. Iwo amachita ngati kunja chilengedwe hydrostatic CNS komanso amatipatsa excretion katundu kagayidwe kachakudya. Chigoba cha ubongo amasiyana dongosolo lawo ndi chiwerengero cha zipangizo kudutsa mu iwo. Komabe, iwo amateteza ya nkhani kuchokera pamwamba pa chigaza kuwononga makina.

arachnoid MO

Arachnoidea encephali wosiyana chipolopolo olimba ndi capillary zopezera malo subdural. Izo sizimapita mu grooves ndi mizere monga mtima. Komabe, nembanemba arachnoid ndi kuwotcha mwa iwo mu mawonekedwe a milatho. Chifukwa ndi danga subarachnoid, chomwe chimadzaza madzi bwino. M'madera ena, makamaka pa m'munsi mwa ubongo, pali makamaka wabwino mipata chitukuko subarachnoid. Iwo apanga muli kwambiri ndipo m'lifupi - thanki. Iwo ali madzimadzi cerebrospinal.

Mtima (zofewa) MO

Pia Mater encephali mwachindunji chimakwirira padziko ubongo. Iwo anapereka mu mawonekedwe a ziwiri wosanjikiza mandala mbale chimene chimafika mu kusiyana ndi mizere. Panopa mtima MO chromatophores - maselo pigment. Makamaka kwambiri a iwo mu m'munsi mwa ubongo. Komanso, pali lymphoid, maselo Posakhalitsa, fibroblasts, ndipo ulusi ambiri mitsempha ndi maselo awo. Part zofewa MO ayende zipangizo wolumikizira (sing'anga ambiri), kufika arterioles. Pakati pa makoma awo ndi chipolopolo imakonzedwa danga Virchow - Robin. Ali odzazidwa ndi madzimadzi cerebrospinal ndi kulankhulana ndi danga subarachnoid. Kudzera mwa iwo anakhala zotanuka ndi kolajeni fibrils. Iwo inaimitsidwa ziwiya, umene ndi zinthu kusamutsidwa awo pa ripple popanda okhudza medulla.

TMO

Iwo amakhala ndi mphamvu makamaka mkulu ndi osalimba. Mu dongosolo lake pali ambiri ulusi zotanuka ndi kolajeni. Ndipamene chipolopolo olimba a wandiweyani connective minofu.

Features

Mwakhama chipolopolo kumalumikiza M'mimbamo mkati chigaza lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo ukuchita monga periosteum ake amkati. M'dera la dzenje lalikulu kumbuyo kwa TMO yolimba chigoba cha chingwe msana. Komanso imagwiritsidwa m'chimake perineural wa misempha cranial. Ozama mdzenje, chipolopolo ukukula pamodzi ndi m'mphepete awo. Mogwirizana ndi mndandanda wa mafupa osalimba. Chipolopolo mosavuta anapambulwa pa iwo. Izi amayamba ndi kuthekera hematoma epidural. M'dera la cranial chipolopolo m'munsi mafyuzi ndi mafupa. Makamaka, wamphamvu maphatikizidwe anati malo mankhwala mbali ndi mzake misempha cranial ndi kuchoka ku M'mimbamo lapansi. Pamwamba lamkati la mthunzi wodzaza ndi endothelium. Zimenezi zimabweretsa smoothness ndi pearlescent ake mthunzi. M'madera ena, akuti nembanemba akuwaza. Apa anapanga njira zake. Iwo protrude kwambiri mu mipata, zimene anapambulwa mbali ya ubongo. M'madera njira divergence, komanso m'munda wa ubwenzi mafupa a mkati cranial m'munsi njira triangular anapanga. Iwo yokutidwa ndi endothelium. njira izi - izo sinuses wa Dura Mater.

chikwakwa

Iwo ankaona mphukira waukulu wa mthunzi. Zenga likulowerera kagawo kotenga pakati pa lamanzere ndi lamanja hemispheres, popanda kufika corpus callosum. Ndi woonda yokhota kumapeto zenga mbale 2 mu mawonekedwe a mapepala. Mu ndondomeko kugawanika ofotokoza lagona kuposa sagittal nkusani. M'mphepete wosiyana kachigawo ndi unakhuthala ndi pamakhala awiri. Mu lagona m'munsi sagittal nkusani.

Pawiri ndi zinthu cerebellar

Kutsogolo kwa kachigawo mwezi coalesces ndi cockscomb pa fupa ethmoid. Kumbuyo dera pa occipital lokwera protrusion chikugwirizana kwa mkati snaring cerebellum. Nayenso, chagona pa cranial fossa hema. Mmenemo muli cerebellum. gallop wake akulowa kagawo yopingasa mu ubongo lalikulu. Apa, iye alekanitsa hemispheres cerebellar wa lobes occipital. Pa kutsogolo gallop monyanyira pano. mphako Pali chikuvulaze amene brainstem kutsogolo. mbali ofananira gallop zinaphatikizidwa ndi m'mbali poyambira kumbuyo kwa nkusani yopingasa pa fupa occipital ndi m'mbali cham'mwamba mwa mapiramidi pa fupa mwakanthawi. Pawiri akudutsa kuti zapambuyo njira ya membala mphero mu zigawo kutsogolo kwa mbali. The ndege sagittal ndi falcula. m'mphepete ake kutsogolo ndi ufulu. Iye ukugawa hemispheres cerebellar. Kumbuyo kwa chikwakwa ili pamodzi mkati occipital Crest. Akapita m'mphepete lalikulu la dzenje ndi kuphimba ndi mapazi awiri kumbali zonse. M'munsi alipo zenga occipital nkusani.

zinthu zina

Iris waima chishalo Turkey. Ndi mbale anakonza horizontally. Pa malo ake ndi dzenje. The mbale lidakali pa pituitary fossa ndi ndipamene denga ake. Pansi pa chifundamtima ndi pituitary England. Iye kudzera mdzenje chikugwirizana ndi ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito nyuzi ndi miyendo. M'dera la matendawa, ndi trigeminal pafupi pamwamba pa kanthawi Dura fupa ukugawa mu 2 pepala. Iwo amapanga M'mimbamo imene mitsempha mfundo (trigeminal).

Sinuses wa Dura Mater

Iwo akuyimira nkusani anapanga chifukwa pogawanikana pamawere pa mapepala TMO awiri. sinuses oziziritsa zinthu monga mtundu wa dothi. Makoma awo popangidwa ndi mbale. Nkusani ndi mitsempha oziziritsa ali ndi khalidwe limodzi. pamwamba mkati alimbane ndi endothelium. Nthawiyi m'njira za m'mphuno oziziritsa ndi zotengera za dongosolo losiyana khoma mwachindunji. Yotsirizira kusintha ndipo zikuphatikiza zigawo zitatu. Pamene lumen n'kugwa mitsempha yachigawo. Makoma a sinuses, kenako, ndi taut. Iwo amapanga wandiweyani fibrous connective minofu, lomwe lili ndi ulusi zotanuka. Ngati gaping yachigawo nkusani lumen. Komanso, venous mavavu ziwiya alipo. Mu cavities nkusani pali zingapo tsankho matabwa ndi zitsulo corrugated. Iwo anaphimba ndi endothelium ndipo anaponyedwa ku khoma khoma. Mu ena sinuses, zinthu izi zimasiyana chitukuko ndithu. Makoma a sinuses si zinthu akulu. Sinuses wa Dura Mater ndi kapangidwe kulola magazi ulere ikuyenda kutali pansi zotsatira yokoka ake osayang'ana wa oscillations intracranial kuthamanga.

mitundu

Pali zotsatirazi dural sinuses venous:

1. sagittalis nkusani apamwamba. Chapamwamba sagittal nkusani chimafikira Mphepete chapamwamba kachigawo lalikulu cockscomb kwa ziyerekezo occipital lamkati.
2. Nkusani sagittalis otsika. M'munsi sagittal nkusani ili mkati mwa m'mphepete ufulu wa zenga lalikulu. Iye amayendetsera mu nkusani rectus kumbuyo. Pawiri ali gawo kumene m'munsi m'mphepete mwa kachigawo lalikulu merges ndi kutsogolo m'mphepete cerebellar gallop.
3. Nkusani rectus. Molunjika nkusani lili pogawanikana pamawere akutulukira ku mzere wolumikiza ku zenga lake lalikulu.
4. Nkusani transversus. The nkusani yopingasa ili mu malo chiyambi cha gallop cerebellum kuchokera nembanemba ubongo.
5. Nkusani occipitalis. Occipital nkusani overlies m'munsi cerebellar chikwakwa.
6. Nkusani sigmoideus. Sigmoid nkusani lili homonymous poyambira padziko mkati Chibade cha. Iye amayang'ana pa mawonekedwe a kalata S. Mu jugular foramen dera nkusani akudutsa mu mtsempha mkati.
7. Nkusani cavernosus. Awiriawiri cavernous nkusani lili mbali zonse za sella lapansi.
8. Nkusani sphenoparietalis. Sphenoparietal nkusani pafupi ndi zapambuyo ufulu malo pa phiko yaing'ono ya fupa sphenoid.
9. Nkusani petrosus apamwamba. sinuses Upper ili pa nsonga chapamwamba fupa mwakanthawi.
10. Nkusani petrosus otsika. Miyala sine m'munsi otsetsereka ndi pakati pa occipital ndi wathupi fupa piramidi.

Nkusani sagittalis kuposa

Chapamwamba mbali kutsogolo kwa anastomose sine (chikugwirizana) ndi mitsempha ya m'mphuno. Kumbuyo kwa utuluke mu nkusani yopingasa. Lamanzere ndi lamanja la izo ndi mbali mipata kulankhulana naye. Iwo kuimira M'mimbamo yaing'ono yomwe ili pakati pa akunja ndi mapepala mkati TMO. chiwerengero chawo ndi kukula ndi osiyana kwambiri. Mipata akulumikizana ndi M'mimbamo nkusani sagittalis apamwamba. Iwo nembanemba olimba ndi mitsempha ya ubongo, komanso diploic mtsempha.

nkusani rectus

nkusani zochita molunjika monga ngati kupitiriza nkusani sagittalis kumbuyo otsika. Izo zikugwirizana mbali kumbuyo kwa m'njira za m'mphuno aakulu komanso otsika. Komanso chapamwamba nkusani, ndi kumaso zikuphatikizapo lalikulu nkusani rectus Vienna. Kumbuyo nkusani imaphwera mu gawo pakati pa nkusani transversus. Tsambali amatchedwa ndime nkusani.

nkusani transversus

nkusani Izi yaikulu komanso yaikulu. Mkati mwa khosi fupa mamba izo limafanana ndi mzere lonse. Komanso nkusani transversus akudutsa mu sigmoid nkusani. Ndiye iye akupita mu kamwa ya mkati jugular chotengera. Nkusani transversus ndi nkusani sigmoideus, motero zinthu monga malo waukulu venous. Pankhaniyi, woyamba kugwa m'njira za m'mphuno ena onse. Ena sinuses venous kulowa mwachindunji, ena - zina. Lamanja ndi lamanzere lateral nkusani akupitiriza nkusani sigmoideus lolingana mbali. m'dera limene aturukamo mu venous sinuses sagittalis, rectus ndi occipitalis, amatchedwa paulimi.

nkusani cavernosus

Dzinali zina - ndi cavernous nkusani. Dzina limeneli analandira mogwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa partitions angapo. Iwo kupereka nkusani dongosolo yoyenera. Pambuyo cavernous nkusani anayesedwa kumaliseche, ocular, trochlear, oculomotor mitsempha ndi carotid mtsempha wamagazi (mkati) ndi plexus chisoni. Pakati kumanja ndi kumanzere kwa m'njira za m'mphuno pano uthenga. Iwo akuimira mu mawonekedwe a kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo mezhpescheristogo nkusani. Chifukwa, m'chigawo cha ku sella turcica anapanga mtima mphete. Mu nkusani cavernous (mu zapambuyo wake) imagwera nkusani sphenoparietalis.

Nkusani petrosus otsika

Akalowako iye pamwamba pa babu jugular (mkati) mtsempha. Ndi nkusani petrosus otsika ziwiya komanso oyenera kukhotakhota. Sinuses Dura chikugwirizana njira angapo mtima. Pa pamwamba basilar la fupa occipital, iwo apanga dzina chomwecho plexus. Iwo aumbike mwa pophatikizana nthambi venous lamanja ndi lamanzere nkusani petrosus otsika. Kulumikizitsidwa mwa foramen magnum ndi mkati basilar peresenti mtima plexus.

Komanso

M'madera ena, sinuses chipolopolo mawonekedwe anastomoses ndi kunja kwa mitsempha ya mutu mothandizidwa ndi ophunzirawo - emissarnyh mitsempha. Komanso, kulankhula ndi nthambi nkusani diploic. mitsempha izi zili fupa cancellous mu m'chipinda chotetezeka cranial ndi otaya mu zotengera zachiphamaso mutu. Magazi Mwanjira kutali mu nthambi za mtima sinuses TMT. Ndiye iwo amalowa jugular lamanzere ndi lamanja (mkati) mtsempha. Chifukwa anastomoses nkusani ndi ziwiya diploic, Alumni ndi plexus, magazi ikuyenda kutali chilli pamwamba maukonde.

zotengera

Ku Dura kudzera anachoka ndi mabowo bwino spinous abwino meningeal (pafupifupi) mtsempha wamagazi (maxillary nthambi). The temporo-parietal m'dera TMO kuti nthambi. M'chimake zapambuyo cranial fossa amaperekedwa ku zapambuyo mtsempha wamagazi magazi (trellis nthambi ya dongosolo ocular mtima). Mu TMO zapambuyo fossa zapambuyo chigaza meningeal nthambi, nthambi za vertebral ndi occipital mtsempha wamagazi nthambi mastoid.

misempha

Chipolopolo zovuta ndi innervated ndi nthambi zosiyanasiyana. Makamaka, zinawayenera nthambi ya mitsempha vagus ndi trigeminal. Komanso, wachifundo innervation kupereka CHIKWANGWANI. Iwo anabwera mu mthunzi zolimba mu makulidwe a mpanda kunja Mitsempha. M'dera la kutsogolo cranial Dura fossa afika zikumera kwa mitsempha chamawonedwe. nthambi wake - tentorial - amapereka innervation cerebellar gallop ndi ubongo chikwakwa. Kugula pakati cranial fossa ikuchitika chifukwa meningeal ndondomeko maxillary ndi mandibular mitsempha gawo. nthambi zambiri amayendetsa pamodzi chipolopolo chotengera. The snaring wa cerebellum Komabe, zinthu yosiyana. Pali ziwiya pang'ono ndi nthambi mitsempha anakonza m'menemo paokha.