Chuma Armenia: mbali ya chitukuko

Armenia kumayambiriro zaka za anali ndi mabwalo ka Transcaucasia, yomwe ili pakati pa mitsinje Kura ndi Araks. Area boma ndi zosakwana 30 sq M.. m, ndi anthu -. pafupifupi 3 miliyoni anthu.

wonena za chuma Chiameniya

Features za chuma Chiameniya masiku ano amadalira zifukwa zingapo:

1. chikoka chachikulu akupitiriza chuma Soviet, ndi mphamvu zake ndi zofooka. M'zaka izi Republic ali kwambiri bwino mlingo zachuma, koma nthawi yomweyo anatenga zigawo zoipa za chuma za USSR ndipo anakhala m'gulu la anthu limagwirira ambiri amene akadali kuphetsa kwambiri pa moyo wa dziko.
2. Maganizo chitukuko masiku ano (1992) amalephera chuma khola ndi wotukuka kwambiri.
3. Geographic chigawo. Ambiri mwa Chiameniya - mapiri. M'mayiko ulimi mu dziko ndi ochepa, ndi chakudya amakhalabe mwachilungamo pachimake.
4. Zovuta geopolitical zinthu. Armenia alibe momasuka ndi nyanja, ngakhale lili pakati pa Black ndi Caspian nyanja. Loyandikana mayiko kapena otsutsa (Azerbaijan, Turkey) kapena kuti palibe wabwino zoyendera mtsempha wamagazi (Iran). Chifukwa cha zimenezi, Gona katundu-inatha ndi zovuta komanso akhoza udzasokonezedwa.

mavuto a zachuma

zifukwa zosiyanasiyana kutsogolera chakuti chuma amakono a Armenia (mbali ya) zoipa anaonetsetsa chuma mwini zopangira, 20%, ndi kuchuluka makampani a mafakitale, processing zipangizo (a zotsatira za m'mbuyomu Soviet). Ngakhale kuli ores zosiyanasiyana, nsangalabwi, thanthwe mchere, kuti akakwaniritse mitundu yake mafakitale sangathe ndiponso makamaka zochokera zipangizo kunja yaiwisi. Pali kuchepa kwa chuma chakudya chifukwa kupanda dziko, izo ziyenera kuphimba tanthauzo, m'malo kugulitsa mankhwala mafakitale. zinthu Geopolitical kumayambitsa malizitsani kudalira zikulumikizana kunja malonda, zomwe zinalipo mawonekedwe a mphamvu ndi zoyendera kudzipatula chifukwa zinthu zotsutsana mu Transcaucasia.

mitengo kukula mu zaka zoyambirira za zaka za

(. Mu 1994-2017 biennium) Masiku ano ndi yapadera kwambiri za chuma - pafupifupi khumi nthawi (madola biliyoni 10). Komabe, manambala awa chidwi adakula makamaka kudzera mwa ngongole mayanjano chuma padziko lonse, ndalama zakunja chuma Chiameniya. Only anasamutsidwa payekha kuti Armenia mu 2010 anafika kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoposa madola biliyoni, zomwe kudawerengedwa kwa theka la ndalama boma. Komanso, pafupifupi ndalama zonse anabwera kuchokera la Russia.

ndalama zakunja chuma Armenia mu 2009 analipo madola miliyoni 4703,2. A Investor akutsogolera (theka kuchuluka kwa ndalama) ndi mwini kunja anali ndi kukhala Russia. Munda waukulu ndalama Russian ndalama kugwirizana ndi makampani, zachuma, atolankhani.

Imodzi pali kusintha mu chiwerengero cha madera a zachuma Chiameniya. Mu positi-Soviet nyengo gawo mafakitale GDP anagwa kuchokera 44% kufika pa 15%, pamene gawo la ntchito kuchuluka kwa 25% kufika 42% (mphamvu wonse wa GDP - pansipa Zithunzi za). Zotsatira akutsimikiza mtendere wa mowa magetsi mu biliyoni 5.5-6.3 kWh, ngakhale chuma cha dziko la Armenia ikukula. Ie mphamvu kubala mafakitale mu khumi zapitazo likunena zimachepa.

makampani

Makampani a Armenia, komanso ambiri mwa mayiko Union, kulandira ufulu wodzilamulira anali mu gawo la kuchepa lakuthwa. Ngakhale patapita kanthawi pakhala nyamuka mafakitale, koma zinaonekeratu yekha poyerekeza ndi m'mbuyomu zaka mavuto. Yopanga mawu mtheradi anakana nthawi zambiri, ndipo pa ambiri mankhwala ambiri linasokonekera. Chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito ndi akatswiri anachepetsedwa kasanu ndi ntchito magetsi madera mafakitale - pafupifupi katatu.

Kusalankhula anatengera kwa zinthu zovuta kuyambitsa kusintha chowawa structural ndi zinthu zochepa nthambi Kapangidwe ka makampani. The gawo m'mbuyomu nthambi zikuluzikulu za ukachenjede ndi kuwala makampani wagwa ku 34% 24% kuti 1.6% ndi 1.2%. Cholowa cha makampani chakudya anawuka kuchokera 16,3% kuti 52,9%. Peresenti zitsulo makampani (makamaka theka - limafotokoza za mkuwa ndi molybdenum) kuchuluka kwa 2.8% kuti 19,9%.

ulimi

Imachitika mu 1990s oyambirira. kusintha mu ulimi kukhala ndi zotsatirapo makamaka zoipa, osachepera kwa kanthawi kochepa. Large minda gulu inasokonekera, mu malo awo popangidwa ndi 340 zikwi yaing'ono minda payekha ulimi kwenikweni ndi dziko la mahekitala 1.4. zinawonongeka kwambiri amayambidwa dongosolo kupanga ulimi.

Chifukwa mphamvu yopapatiza mabanja seamed kumidzi m'zaka XXI. ku munda wa zaulimi Kwaletsedwa pafupifupi 40% nthaka chikhalidwe, kwambiri udzachepetsedwa malo ofanana ndi chikhalidwe Chiameniya. Pafupifupi 50% yafupika ulimi wothirira kuti ulimi wa ku kangapo anakana kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mchere ndi mankhwala, musagwiritsire ntchito kasinthasintha mbewu. Posachedwapa, chifukwa cha zogulitsa anapanga timapepala lalikulu la dziko amene kwathunthu amachotsedwa mankhwala, ndi kwa eni lotsatira, iwo anatembenuka mu mankhwala malonda.

Mtengo ngongole ofooka thandizo anthu muchepetse gawo la ulimi, umene ochuluka kukhala chidina za chuma achilengedwe. Popeza osauka zoweta kotunga Armenia pa mankhwala ena ndi mkulu inatha akunja, akuchuluka mu ntchito ya gawo la ulimi adzakhala ntchito yaikulu ya posachedwapa.

malonda yachilendo

gawo ili la chuma ndi mbali yofunika ya chuma cha Armenia. Mu zaka zoyambilira za zaka za, zolowa analipo pafupifupi biliyoni 5.5 madola chaka, koma mavuto mu 2008 kwambiri anakula zinthu. Zolowa anagwa ndi pafupifupi $ 1 biliyoni. Pakati pa abwenzi malonda zoposa 60 kutsogolera anzake malonda ndi Russia ndi Germany (39% ndi 21,5%, motero). bwenzi lina akanali United States, ngakhale kuti n'zopanda ntchito.

The vuto lalikulu la malonda akunja ndi mkulu kuchepekedwa malonda. Imports akukulira munthu wamwa wachibale kangapo zogulitsa kunja. Mtima wofuna kusintha zinthu ndi chimodzi mwa zosankha zazikulu mtima yabwino chuma dziko.

nongole

Nyengo atsopano amakhala ndi kuwonjezeka lakuthwa ngongole kunja pagulu la Armenia. Kwa zaka 15, kuchokera 1995 mpaka 2010, chinawonjezeka pafupifupi 10 khola kuti madola biliyoni 3,495, ndi 44% ya GDP. A yopapatiza katundu m'munsi ndi kufunika zonse Ndalama zina amakakamizidwa zonse kuonjezera ngongole kunja. Kuliika ndalama kwa malipiro ngongole kupita kulemera owonjezera pa bajeti.

The mtengo zokhudza chitukuko cha Armenia

Zikuoneka ndalama zofunika kwambiri zokhudza chitukuko. Mu zaka zoyambirira za ufulu, anthu ambiri anapeza yokha mu malo ovuta. Only pa nthawi imeneyi chifukwa cha moyo mwakhama ndiponso kupanda mwayi Armenia asiyidwa 700-750 zikwi. Anthu, kapena wachisanu wa anthu.

Pofika m'ma 2010s. Avereji ya malipiro ukufika $ 270 pa munthu, penshioni - madola 80. 34% ya anthu ndi ndalama zosakwana $ 85 pa mwezi. Kuti Armenia ano amakhala ndi anthu anagawa kumene pa wina ambiri kwambiri osauka, ndi pa zina - ndi oligarchic ochepa.

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mavuto a anthu a Armenia yafupika, zomwe zimasonyeza bwinobwino mu Zithunzi m'munsimu.

chuma Armenia mu zaka kubwera

Tsogolo la chuma cha Armenia m'malo chosadziwika chifukwa nambala kwambiri lalikulu zenizeni osiyanasiyana.

Major chopinga zachuma kulimbitsa Armenia ndi kudzipatula ake ku dzikoli, zinapangitsa zoopsa kwambiri ndi kukula zomvetsa katundu. kufunika kwambiri kwa Chiameniya-aku Iran mgwirizano mu munda mwa njira katundu ndi mphamvu. Pamodzi ndi Iran kumanga njira adzafupikitsidwa yolumikiza Iran ndi madoko Chijojiya. Thamangani payipi mpweya ndi payipi mafuta pakati pa maiko awiri.

Kulimbitsa chuma Chiameniya ali kumathandiza kwambiri kuwonjezeka okhazikika kuchepekedwa malonda yachilendo. Pakuti kuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono wa kuchepekedwa malonda n'kofunika kudziwa kuwuka kwa mfundo zachuma akukumana mathamangitsidwe wa wolowa mafakitale ndi matanthauzo M'MALO, komanso malangizo a ndondomeko ulimi kukhala bwino ntchito ulimi.

M'pofunika kuchita zinthu zokhudza magwero a mkati mwa mathamangitsidwe wa chuma, ntchito yopanga ulimi, kuti kubetcherana pa zothekera chilengedwe ndi zina m'badwo mphamvu. Onse malangizo a chitukuko cha chuma Armenia ayenera kukhala pompopompo, mwinamwake dziko adzakhala kutha.