Mwachidule Baikonur Cosmodrome: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi chidwi mfundo

Baikonur Cosmodrome, oposa kale theka ya atumwi anali chiyambi cha imodzi ndi theka zikwi spacecraft, komabe amatsogolera chiwerengero cha imalankhula. Uyamiko kwa Iye, Soviet Union anakhoza kutenga udindo waukulu ku chitukuko cha mafakitale danga ndi sayansi, anasiya United States. Kyzylkum chipululu anakhala malo mbiri kumene anaulukira ku malo oyamba cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, amaika mumsewu njira kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira Lapansi oposa zana la chombo, zimene anthu 62 - alendo.

Kuyambapo Baikonur

50 ntchentche wa XX m'ma sankawabisira likuwonjezekabe Mkangano pakati pa USSR ndi United States mu dera asilikali, makamaka polenga mivi intercontinental ballistic. Pomanga Baikonur cosmodrome anali mmodzi wa magawo a mpikisano, imene woyamba Soviet intercontinental ballistic chida anali kuyesedwa.

Popeza kapangidwe osiyanasiyana ndege ake anali makilomita oposa zikwi eyiti, panafunika njira yatsopano mwa gawo Asian wa USSR ndipo nthawi yomweyo okhala m'madera m'chipululu, oyenera kuwonongedwa kwa utsi roketi ake magawo ndi kumanga okwerera kuyeza.

A ntchito yapadera anafufuza zingapo zimene mungachite: Dagestan, dera Mari ASSR, Astrakhan ndi Kyzylorda zigawo. Njira yamasika kuposa ena zofunikira za okonza R-7 roketi chifukwa analola pamalo akadakwanitsira katundu nkhondo ballistic ndi ntchito wailesi kumayambiriro kwa kasinthasintha Dziko Lapansi.

Mu February 1955, Bungwe la nduna anatengera lamulo № 292-181, kulangiza kuyamba kumanga pamalowo. Kotero mu Kazakhstan chipululu anaonekera "Polygon nambala 5" - tsogolo cosmodrome Baikonur.

ikani Baikonur

Pambuyo pogwira reconnaissance kuti akufuna kumanga Spaceport m'chigawo cha ntchito USSR boma anasankha mbali m'chipululu cha Kazakhstan, ili kumanzere kwa Nyanja Aral, pafupi ndi mudzi wa Baikonur. Anasankha dera ndi pakati Kazalinsk ndi Dzhusaly - malo dera Kyzylorda Oblast.

m'dera amakhala ndi lathyathyathya mtunda ndi kukula ka anthu. Pamwamba pa izo zinachitika pafupi ndi msewu galimoto ndi njanji Moscow - Tashkent (kulondera Bakuman-Tam), ndipo anapita ku Central Asia mtsinje Syr. mfundozi mwachitira yobereka zipangizo, ndi m'tsogolo - mizinga ndi zida.

Koma chinthu chofunika kwambiri pamaso pa chinthu pafupi equator, zimveke kukhazikitsa mizinga, kuyambira mu nkhani iyi Komanso ntchito Dziko Lapansi rotational liwiro.

Kuyambira oyamba m'chipindacho woyamba chiyambi

Kumayambiriro a 1955 m'dera la cosmodrome tsogolo "Baikonur" apainiyawa anafika - kumanga usilikali, wopangidwa mwa battalions eyiti.

Ntchito yoyamba akatswiri anafika chinali kumanga nyumba. Choyamba zopangidwa ndi matabwa zinamangidwa.

Komanso asilikali ndiponso anthu wamba omanga anali mapangidwe m'munsi kupanga zimene zinaphatikizapo zomera konkire kupanga kwa zigawo njira, malo zipangizo zomangamanga, komanso kupala matabwa ndi matabwa.

Pakutha 1956 zinthu kutsogoza wa cosmodrome unamangidwapo. Anayamba ntchito kukonzekera mayesero mizinga.

Ndi kasupe 1957 dongosolo chingwe unakhazikitsidwa m'dziko lonse la Baikonur. May 5, 1957 boma Bungwe loyamba chiyambi-mmwamba zovuta anapatsidwa. Baikonur anali okonzeka kuponyedwa mivi intercontinental.

Njira yothetsera vutoli mu nthawi yochepa ngati wakhala kugwirizana ndi mavuto aakulu kwambiri.

Mavuto panjira mu danga

Choyamba tonse ogwira ntchito yomanga anakumana ndi nyengo mwankhanza Kazakhstan ndi moyo kudzasokonezeka. Choyamba kunali hema, ndiye, ndi kubera kasupe - ndi pa bwato. Woyamba zopangidwa ndi matabwa anaonekera yekha mu May.

Kumapeto kwa July 1955 anayamba kumanga nambala Launch PAD 1. Ntchito Yomanga zinachitikadi usana ndi usiku, ngati chinthu deadlines anali zolimba.

Poyamba, panali kusowa kwa zipangizo. Pa mawu a nyumba gulu Baikonur anapuma Wapolisiyo Sergei Alekseenko, pa kutaya omangawo anali scrapers 5, 2 magalimoto okonzera, amene anakumba zinthu zakale awiri ndi magalimoto 5. Mwa njira zimenezi, kunali koyenera kwa kanthawi kochepa kuti dzenje mamita 50 kwambiri. Ndipo ndi oposa 1 miliyoni kiyubiki mamita wa thanthwe!

Ndinakumana ndi dray dongo kuti kunali kosatheka kuti atenge excavator. zinthu anapulumutsidwa matani makumi awiri cha mabomba. chiopsezo anali yaikulu, monga ntchito kabotolo anaziletsa. Koma zonse zikuchitika kwa woyamba roketi Launch.

The chiyambira

The Launch woyamba kuchokera Baikonur Cosmodrome anapangidwa pambuyo pa masiku 10 okha pambuyo kusaina kuvomereza Baikonur boma ntchito.

Mulole 15, 1957 bwinobwino unkatchedwa intercontinental ballistic chida 8K71 chiwerengero 5L, chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa zinachitika kwa chombo R-7 "Union". Komatu pa 4 October chaka chomwecho unayambitsidwa mu malo oyamba yokumba Earth Kanema.

Komanso, kunali kwambiri yoyamba ya mtundu wake wa kumayamba:

• September 14, 1959 - chiyambi cha zodziwikiratu "Luna 2" siteshoni, pita padziko Lapansi ya Kanema ya;
• October 4, 1959 - za kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Luna-3" kujambulidwa mbali kumbuyo kwa Moon;
• August 19, 1960 - Launch a "Vostok" imene anabweza kapisozi ndi agalu;
• April 12, 1961 - Launch a "Vostok" ndi cosmonaut woyamba Yuriem Gagarinym.

Mawu akuti "Baikonur", "The Launch", "panali ndege" ndinayamba bwino kwa nzika za dziko lathu.

Kukula kwa cosmodrome ndi

Limodzi kuyambira zovuta si pomanga Baikonur cosmodrome. M'tsogolo, gawo limene ndinapatsidwa pansi zinamangidwa maofesi, cholinga miyala ya magulu osiyanasiyana a mphamvu katundu, "Chimphepo-M" kuunika, "Union", "pachimake", "Mphezi" sing'anga, "purotoni" olemera ndi "mphamvu" wapamwamba-lolemera kalasi.

zaka 4 pambuyo kumayambiriro woyamba poyambira zovuta za "Union" linamangidwa wina ndi mzake, wofanana ndi woyamba.

Mu 1965 iye anaikidwa Launcher choyamba cha "purotoni", ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi - wachiwiri. Mu 1967, izo analamula makhazikitsidwe ziwiri chonyamulira roketi "Chimphepo". Kenako, ntchito yomanga ndi kutumidwa ya nthambi yatsopano ndi anaima mpaka 1979. Mu 1979 mu dera Kyzylorda, kumene Baikonur Cosmodrome, chiyambi opareshoni awiri unsembe zina "purotoni".

zomangamanga ofanana akupitiriza kukhala Spaceport.

mwachidule Baikonur

Mwachidule pakati danga Baikonur ndi mpweya chidwi ndi amalola amanena ukulu wake. Choyamba, malo ake ndi chidwi - 6717 makilomita lalikulu. Iwo umachokera ku kumpoto kwa kum'mwera, 75 Km, kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo - 90 Km.

Pankhaniyi, yolondola kulankhula za "Baikonur" zovuta, chomwe spaceport ndi mzindawo.

Ground zomangamanga tichipeza khumi Launch maofesi. Komabe, ntchito pali asanu okha; pakuti maroketi "Soyuz", "pachimake", "purotoni", "Mphamvu", "Mphamvu-Buran".

Anamanga khumi nyumba msonkhano, kumene maphunziro Launch magalimoto (lv), boosters kuponyedwa. Palinso dongosolo chingwe ndi chionetsero Center, mpweya-asafe mbewu kwa kupanga mankhwala cryogenic.

mfundo chingwe spaced pamodzi m'dera Russian ndi Chikazaki monga maulendo ndege ndi magawo a malo maroketi kugwa.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Kodi mungachite kunena za malo monga Baikonur Launch malo? History spaceport anapitiriza mfundo zambiri zochititsa chidwi pa nthawi.

Chidwi makamaka chiyambi cha dzina lake. M'dera la chimathandiza wakumpoto wa matchalitchi anayamba ina yaing'ono Chikazaki m'mudzi Boykonyr (mu Russian izo zikumveka ngati Baikonur).

Popeza chida malo anali chinthu chinsinsi, iwo anaganiza ayamba kumanga ndi spaceport onyenga pafupi mudzi ndi kuzitcha izo Baikonur kusokoneza nzeru American. Soviet TV malo wotsatira imalankhula za makina anasonyeza m'mudzi wa Baikonur, ngakhale kwenikweni chidachitika ndi polygon nambala 5, limene kwa nthawi yaitali ankavala malamulo dzina "nayonso".

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti "Baikonur" kutetezedwa mpaka mapeto a 60s lapansi.

Pamene kukumba dzenje kwa PAD Launch anthu bonfire wakale anapezeka (zaka anapezazo ranged kwa zaka 10 mpaka 30 zikwi). Pamene anadziŵa ambiri mlengi Korolyov, anaitana malo okondwa chifukwa imalankhula chida m'tsogolo.

Zenizeni zake zinali za "anecdotes ku moyo." Kamodzi akatulutsidwa kachitidwe utumiki 12 (khumi ndi awiri) matani mowa. Kunena zoona, kachitidwe kutsuka zinatengera matani 7 okha. Pofuna kudula ndondomeko ya kotunga m'tsogolo, anaganiza kukhetsa otsala kuzemba panyumba mowa m'dzenje ndi tisagone.

Komabe, chinsinsi mwanjira inayake kuwuluridwa ndodo zomangamanga ndi "wouma" chilamulo kuti anapambana pa malo nthawi yomweyo kukanidwa poyera. Komabe, vutoli mwamsanga anathana ndi Baikonur Cosmodrome malangizo: mowa anatenthedwa mu dzenje.

Baikonur pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR

Pambuyo kugwa kwa Union a Soviet Launch malo anali malire a wolowa mmalo mwa Soviet Russia ndi linakhala cholowa cha Kazakhstan. Kumene kunalinso mavuto ntchito zake. Kukhala komanso kugwira ntchito zinthu omanga asilikali zikuchepa sakuyenda. Unachititsa anagalukira nawo. Ambiri a iwo, adalandira tchuthi, anabwereranso salinso.

Zoterezi zinachitika mu 1993 ndi asilikali, wokonzeka "purotoni". Chifukwa mkwiyo awo anakhala mbali ya understaffed. Rocketeer ankayenera kugwira ntchito kwa atatu.

Mu 2003, kachiwiri anapandukira akatswiri asilikali. Panthawi imeneyi chifukwa cha chipolowe anali mphekesera pambuyo yomanga cosmodrome "East" Cosmodrome - Baikonur, amene bwalo lamasewero akadali ntchito imalankhula wa roketi Russian, zidzatsekedwa, ndipo mumasonyeza asilikali Siberia.

Chifukwa cha outflow kusalankhula cha anthu ali utachepa anthu a mumzinda wa Baikonur. Ambiri a nyumba ya analibe kanthu. Anthu anasamukira pansi, wopanda ngakhale kutenga mipando. Anthu a m'midzi yapafupi asezare kanthu nyumba kudziletsa adani kapena kubedwa.

Pangano pakati Russia ndi Kazakhstan pa pangano la akhala akutayirapo dothi lapansi, anamaliza mu 1994, opulumutsidwa zinthu. ndalama yaikulu ndalama akhala allocated kuti akukonzekera izo.

Baikonur lero

Lero, mumzinda wa moyo nzika za maiko awiri: Russia ndi Kazakhstan. Atapita ndi mavuto ndi "limodzi". Zojambula Baikonur Launch ntchito WOPEREKA pH.

Kuyambira January 2016 tsopano anaphedwa bwinobwino anapezerapo ku cosmodrome "Baikonur" maroketi atatu. Iwo ankafuna kuti achite amathamanga sikisi.

Komabe, si onse mapulani Russian kukumana ndi kumvetsetsa mbali Chikazaki.

mfundo ndi yakuti ndi "Baikonur" imalankhula anapitirizabe "purotoni" roketi kuti amayendera mafuta kwambiri poizoni.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, aliyense Launch ku cosmodrome ndi "Baikonur" kuchititsa kusakhutira pakati pa akuluakulu Chikazaki, makamaka kulephera Launch. Ndipo popeza kuvulala chilengedwe, Chilombocho Russia Kazakhstan nkhani yaikulu.

nthabwala Baikonur

Pakhomo pa tawuni munakwanisa kuona chipilala ndi chithunzi mu mmunsi mwa Anthuwa akutuluka pansi ndi pamwamba - ilili choyamba. "Kuyambira kuphanga - danga" - wina dzina chipilala kuti anthu a Baikonur.

Pali mumzinda ndi "Japanese Islands" ndi "Small Lapansi", ndi "Sino-Soviet" - ndi zitaganya ake. N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza kuti chifukwa maonekedwe a maina awa. Kumene, zinthu zovuta kudzera chimene ndinali kupita okhala Baikonur - omanga Baikonur cosmodrome.