Andrey Vezaly ndipo anathandiza kuti mankhwala

Andrey Vezaly - woyambitsa wa thunthu sayansi. buku lake lalikulu De humini corporus fabrica, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1543, anakhala munthu woyamba kwathunthu ikusonyezera thunthu la thupi. Izo zinali zochokera kuzipenya asayansi, adapanga pa kutsegula, ndipo anakana zaka masauzande ambiri a zolakwa m'dera limeneli ukatswiri. Andrey Vezaly - katswiri wina wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Iye anali katswiri wa thunthu pa University amapemphera ndi dokotala wa Woyera wa Chiroma Mfumu Charles V.

Andrey Vezaly: yochepa yonena

Vesalius anabadwa pa 31 December 1514 ku Brussels. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mzindawo unali mbali ya Ufumu wa Roma. Lero ndi likulu la Belgium. Andireya anali mmodzi mwa ana anayi - iye anali ndi abale awiri ndi mlongo wina. atate wake, Anders Van Wesel, anali bwalo apothecary mu Margaret la Austria. Amayi, Isabel Crabbe, kulera ana nyumba olemera ili m'dera olemekezeka pafupi ndi nyumba yachifumu Koudenberg, komwe anagwira ntchito kwa bambo mnyamata.

Vesalius sukulu ku zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mwinamwake, iyo inali sukulu ya fraternity Katolika ku Brussels. Kwa zaka 9 anali katswiri masamu, Chilatini ndi zilankhulo zina, komanso bwino kuphunzira mfundo za chipembedzo cha Chikatolika. bambo ake ankakonda kwina ntchito. Ndipo mnyamata, amalimbikitsidwa ndi mayi ake kuti mapazi papa, zonse zabwino laibulale bwino ndithu banja.

koleji

Nditakwanitsa zaka 15, Andrey Vezaly anapita ku yunivesite ya Louvain. Inali makilomita 30 kum'mawa kwa Brussels. Zinali mphindi kunyada banja: bambo ake analetsedwa kupeza maphunziro apamwamba, popeza anabadwa mu banja. Nanga izo zinapangidwa Vesalius kuphunzira luso ndi Latin. Iye katswiri Chiheberi ndi Chigiriki. Pambuyo mumapezera Master zaluso mu 1532, iye anavomereza kuti sukulu yapamwamba zachipatala pa University of Paris.

Paris School Medical

Andrey Vezaly anayamba maphunziro ake zachipatala 1533, pa msinkhu wa zaka 19. Great chikoka pa ntchito ya ophunzira luso ndi akale Greek dokotala Klavdiya Galena, olembedwa zaka 1300 asanaphedwe iwo. ziphunzitso ankatengedwa choonadi chenicheni ndi changwiro. Ambiri anaona anatomical wa Galen zinalengedwa pa kutsegula kwa nyama, makamaka anyani, monga sankandilola panthawiyo dissect anthu.

Andrey Vezaly monga anatomist ndi kukhala kwambiri kwa mphunzitsi wake wa thunthu Guinteru Johann Von Andernach, amene anamasulira wakale malemba Greek ku Latin Galen. Ngati sing'anga wakale Greek, iye ankaona chondichitikira ndi zimene ananena njira yabwino zotheka kudziwa anatomical. Ambiri autopsies anthu pamene imachitika pongofuna cholinga pofuna kutsimikizira ophunzira kuti zonse zolembedwa ndi Galen ndi Hippocrates choonadi.

Pa chionetsero lililonse la nyama kapena dokotala kuti mabala zofunika ndi mphunzitsi, atakhala pamwamba thupi, sindidziwa werengani ndime zolunjika kuchokera wakale ntchito mokweza. Wothandizira zimathandiza ophunzirawo, kunenanso matupi takambirana. Popeza m'malemba akale simungakwaneko zolakwa aliyense, ophunzira sankaloledwa kufunsa mafunso kapena kukambirana kung'ambika. mikangano maphunziro zambiri anachitira kumasulira kolondola ntchito wakale, osati thunthu.

Guinter Von Andernach chinali choyimira chosowa aphunzitsi mu masiku amenewo. Iye analola kuti ophunzira ake kuti dissect yekha. Ngakhale kuti mwambo umenewu amadana ndi mayunivesite kwambiri. Monga ulamuliro, izo wopereka autopsy ya apandu ophedwa, ndipo ankaona manyazi kwa anthu ophunzira kuthana ndi toyesa izi amaona.

Matalente Vesalius Guintera chidwi adamfunsa iye kuthandiza Buku pa thunthu galenovo Institutiones anatomicae. Ntchito lofalitsidwa mu 1536. Iwo Guinter kutamandidwa wophunzira 21 wazaka: "Izi ndi achinyamata munthu ali odziwa kwambiri za mankhwala, ndi bwino Latin ndi Greek ndipo anakumana kwambiri mu thunthu la."

Louvain Medical School

Andrey Vezaly anauzidwa kuti achoke Paris mu 1536, pamene pakati France ndi Woyera wa Chiroma, kunabuka nkhondo. anabwerera ku University of Louvain kuti amalize maphunziro ake zachipatala. zinamuchitikira mu thunthu anali anazindikira mofulumira. Posachedwa Vesalius anauzidwa kusunga ndi ndemanga autopsy, anamwalira noblewoman mwadzidzidzi 18 wazaka. Matenda a atsikana pa nthawi anali m'chipani. Vesalius anakwiya ndi osadziwa ndi dotolo ndipo analanda autopsy lapansi.

Ngakhale kuzindikira pachimake zinachitikira awo kukula, iye sanasangalale ndi nzeru zake za thunthu la munthu. Vesalius anazindikira kuti malemba kuposa chomwe sangathe kuphunzitsa. Tsopano, Andrew anali kugwetsa zimalepheretsa chizindikiritso anamangapo ndi pulofesa wakale wa mankhwala, amene anali osangalala kulambira Galen ndi Hippocrates. Kuti mudziwe womuthandiza thupi.

Posachedwa atabwerera ku Louvain Andrey Vezaly ndi bwenzi lake adapeza thupi pafupifupi lathunthu mkaidi anaphedwa, anasiya poyera. Anapereka mwayi zinali zabwino kwambiri mulole izo kuzembera kutali. Usiku Vesalius snuck kwa thupi, kubedwa ndi kuligaŵa, zimene zapangitsa kuti mafupa, limene ntchito monga chothandiza zithunzi. Pofuna kuutsa kukayikirana, iye anabwera ndi nkhani imene napita naye ku Paris. Kudzera chionetsero autopsy kwa ophunzira, Vesalius ku Louvain anakhala de A facto mwamwayi lecturer mu thunthu. Mu 1537, ndili ndi zaka 22, analandira digiri yoyamba m'munda wa mankhwala.

Andrey Vezaly: yonena za sayansi ndi

The medic wamng'ono ankafuna kuti ndidzakhale dokotala. Kuchita izi, iye anafunika Choyenereza chofunika. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, iye analembetsa pa University amapemphera kwa dziko la Italy. Aphunzitsi anazindikira msanga kuti Vesalius anali wophunzira yapadera. Pasanapite nthawi, iwo analola kuti iye mayeso omaliza pochitika. A mphatso mnyamata basi mu nthawi makumi awiri ndi citatu ake kubadwa analandira digiri wake. Aphunzitsi yomweyo anamusankha kukhala katswiri wa thunthu ndi opaleshoni.

Andrey Vezaly ntchito zake zazikulu kulemba amapemphera. Iye anali bwinobwino kufunika zithunzi ndi zooneka zimene zingathandize ophunzira kumvetsetsa thunthu. Vesalius ntchito iwo pa autopsy lapansi. M'chaka choyamba cha professorship wake, mu 1538-m, anafalitsa Tabulae anatomicae kugonana -. «Asanu matebulo anatomical" mafanizo zithunzi limodzi ndi zolemba zimene m'kati kutsegula ake onse yoyamba mu amapemphera Andrey Vezaly. Chopereka kwa thunthu la sayansi ndi wosatsutsika. Zinali diagrammatic maganizo chiwindi, wolumikizira ndi dongosolo venous, ndi mafupa. Buku yomweyo unakhala wotchuka kwambiri. Iwo mopanda manyazi liwonerere.

Mu 1539, Vesalius a maphunziro anatomical anali amapereka mwa oweruza amapemphera. Iye anakhala ndi chidwi ndi ntchito asayansi n'kuyamba kupereka iye ndi mitembo ya apandu ophedwa chifukwa kung'ambika. Pa nthawiyi, Vesalius zinaoneka kuti thunthu la Galen silinali lolondola. Komabe, chimaika yotsutsa ziphunzitso - n'zovuta ndipo nthawi zina zowopsa. Ngakhale chaposachedwapa mowirikiza, malingaliro atsopano kulimbana kwa chabwino ake kulibe, ngakhale umboni wamphamvu wakuti. Vesalius analinso kutsutsa maganizo chikale ankakhalira kwa zaka 1,300.

Mu "Six matebulo anatomical" m'malo kufotokoza amakumana mu njira ya kafukufuku wamakono, wasayansi anapita pa zokambirana mwambo. Andrey Vezaly anapereka chiwindi mu mawonekedwe akale - mu mawonekedwe a maluwa quintuple. Anasonyeza mtima ndi msempha monga tafotokozera ndi Galen iwo - awa anali matupi a anyani, osati anthu. Komabe, mu mafupa iye anali wokhoza kuti apange chosintha, ngakhale kusintha wochenjera. Vezaliy anasonyeza nsagwada anthu, wopangidwa mwa munthu, mafupa m'malo awiri monga ankanena Galen molondola.

Letter pa magazi m'mitsempha

Komanso, mini-kupanduka Vesalius anatenga gawo mu kutsutsana za venostomy kapena magazi m'mitsempha. Njira imeneyi ndi kwasanduka ntchito pofuna kuchiza kapena kuchepetsa zizindikiro za odwala. Madokotala akhapokanyisana pyakuti komwe ang'ambe thupilo mtsempha - pafupi malo kuvulazidwa kapena pa mtunda kwa iye. mtsutso The mudakhumudwapo chifukwa madokotala adalira pa Kabaibulo ntchito za Galen - ntchito zake choyambirira Greek sanali kupezeka ku Ulaya kuyambira nthawi ya Roma. Komabe, kugwa kwa Constantinople anasintha zinthu. Ndipo kachiwiri ntchito Galen akhoza kuphunzira oyambirira. Madokotala aona kuti lemba Greek ndi zina akusemphana ndi kumasulira Arabic, amene zinthu zinkawayendera kwa nthawi yaitali.

Mu 1539, ndili ndi zaka 24, Vesalius analemba kalata magazi m'mitsempha. Asakuchita kumbali ya kusintha kulikonse chosintha, iye linaphwanya mchitidwe ambiri amavomereza, kulankhula za kuzipenya m'malo kugwira mawu malemba tingachipeze powerenga. Vesalius tsopano mtima kufunafuna choonadi paokha, m'malo modalira ntchito ya ena.

Zikamera wa thunthu latsopano

Mu 1540, ndili ndi zaka 25, Andrey Vezaly anayamba kugwira ntchito pa zithunzi buku thunthu De humini corporus fabrica ( «Pa Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu"). Bukuli linali ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri. Mu 1543-mamita Vesalius anatenga wa Sabata pa University amapemphera. Iye anapita ku Basel, Switzerland, kumaliza yokonza bukhu buku.

"Pa Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu" anali chidwi ntchito buku la 700 masamba mu mabuku asanu. amadza chifukwa cha zithunzi - oposa 270 zosangalatsa mafanizo - anali yaikulu. Mu buku chachiwiri, mwachitsanzo, naperekanso zithunzi zokhala mwatsatanetsatane za anthu pa nkhani mafanizo kusonyeza wosanjikiza-ndi-wosanjikiza minofu Kapangidwe ka thupi. Chiwerengerochi mwina kukhala otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya zithunzi zachipatala.

N'zovuta Musaone kufunika bukhulo lomwe linalembedwa ndi Andrey Vezaly. Muzipereka kwa mankhwala anali zoopsa. Komanso, mankhwala ndi yosaiwalika m'mbiri ya luso. Mwatsoka, dzina la chithunzicho, amene wagwira ntchito ndi wasayansi ndi, anakhalabe osadziwika. Zithunzi anali limodzi ndi malongosoledwe a minofu.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti, anapatsidwa chuma mafanizo ndi buku lalikulu, bukhu linali ndi kugula mtengo. Mulungu anafuna kuti madokotala, malaibulale ndi olemekezeka. Pozindikira kuti ena angakhale ndi chidwi ndi ntchito yake, wolemba anamasulidwa imodzi yeniyeni, mosavuta buku ndi zojambula ochepa otchedwa chimake. Andrey Vezaly mu "chimake" mafanizo ntchito matupi kwambiri mwamuna kuposa akazi, mwina chifukwa chakuti mwamuna wa apandu ophedwa anali yokulirapo kuposa akazi.

Fabrica anakhala anayambitsa sayansi yamakono ya thunthu la munthu. Iwo mosazengereza anathyola ndi Galen ndi Hippocrates. Andrey Vezaly kutsegula ake akutsatira zimene atawonadi pa autopsy, osati pa zimene ankayembekezera. Pano pali mfundo wake:

• Patsinde pa mtima alibe mafupa. mafotokozedwe ake a Galen akutanthauza chichereŵechereŵe pa tsinde la mbawala mtima ndi nyama zina Unalimbitsa monga nyama ya ukalamba.
• The sternum tichipeza atatu mmalo mwa zisanu ndi ziwiri mbali monga momwe kwanenedwera Galen, zochokera anyani autopsy.
• The septum mtima si porous. Mmenemo palibe mabowo.
• Vena Vienna chimayambira mu mtima osati mu chiwindi monga ankanena Galen.
• Palibe thupi monga rete mirabile - «zozizwitsa plexus" mitsempha mkati, zomwe akuti naye mtima ndi ubongo.
• Amuna ndi akazi ali ofanana nambala ya nthiti. Oimira akazi mphamvu si akusowa nthiti, monga mwawamba.
• Amuna ndi akazi nambala yomweyo mano. Galen ankanena kuti kale kwambiri.

owerenga ambiri bukhu anakumana ndithu. Iwo wakhala Buku lonse anatomists zazikulu ndi madokotala. Komabe, madokotala ena ndi asayansi anachita mantha chifukwa iwo amanga ntchito zawo pa ntchito Galen, ndi Vesalius chiwembu.

Mwachitsanzo, Yakob Silvy, amene anaphunzitsa Andrew ku Paris, anafotokoza wophunzira ake poyamba wodzikuza ndi mbuli calumniator amene zachinyengo anaukira mphunzitsi wake ndi bodza ndi mwamakani, mobwerezabwereza kupotoza choonadi cha chilengedwe. Kunena izi, akhoza kukhala Choncho cilango wophunzira ake, amene poyamba ananena kuti njira zophunzitsira Sylvia, ndiyo kufufuza mitembo ya amphaka ndi agalu m'malo anthu amene sangathe kuyambitsa patsogolo mu sayansi ya thunthu la munthu.

Andrey Vezaly 'Pa Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu "odzipereka kwa Mfumu Charles V. Anamupatsanso buku lapadera kusindikizidwa pa zikopa. A mwana chimake Vesalius zoyenera Charles - Prince Philip.

dokotala khoti

Pamene mfumu ataona buku, amene wolemba anali Andrey Vezaly, ndi yonena za sayansi anapanga nayenso wina - anaikidwa dokotala wa m'banja lachifumu. Anatula pansi monga pulofesa amapemphera, kukhala wachisanu nthumwi mafumu Vesalius, amene anali mu utumiki wa bwalo. Monga dokotala-dokotala, iye ankayenera kuti kunkhondo. Pamene nkhondo inayamba, Vesalius anatumizidwa kunkhondo monga dokotala. Anazolowera kugwira ntchito ndi matupi akufa, Eliya kusamalira odwala wamoyo. An dokotala wodziwa Daza Chacon anamuthandiza kuphunzira mmene mwamsanga kuchita ndi amputation.

Zima 1543 Vesalius anabwera Italy pofuna chipinda kugaŵa, kenako m'chaka cha 1544 woyamba anabwerera ku usilikali. Iye anakhala dokotala kwambiri. Imodzi mwa ntchito za khothi Vesalius anakonza thupi mitembo ya anthu olemekezeka wolemera, amene anafa mu nkhondo. Izi zinamupatsa kuti zina kafukufuku anatomical, notsi ndi kupanga kuzipenya.

Pakati pa 1544 wakhala ananena dziko. Ndipo Andrey Vezaly, dokotala, anabwerera kusamalira mfumu ndi bwalo lake mu malo bwino kwambiri. mbiri yake anapitiriza kukula ngati iye akalata kwa madokotala ku Europe malangizo milandu yovuta kwambiri.

Mu 1556, Mfumu Charles V m'manja mphamvu mwana wake Filipo. Amayamikira, Vesalius, amene anatembenuka ndi zaka 41, chifukwa cha utumiki wake wokhulupirika, Charles anam'patsa moyo penshioni ndi mutu apamwamba a Chiwerengero-Palatine. Court dokotala anapitiriza ntchito, tsopano mu utumiki wa Filipo.

ulendo

Andrey Vezaly limodzi Filipo Madrid, koma apo iye sanali akusangalala ndi moyo. madokotala Spanish kuchiza matenda, modalira zoyenda ya mapulaneti. Kung'ambika Matupi ambiri a anthu zinali zoletsedwa. Ndinkaona m'malo m'mbuyo. Komanso, Philip ankaikira mankhwala chikhalidwe zachipatala, osati ano sayansi. Vesalius zinadziwika kuti iye sadzasiya kukhala dokotala wamkulu wa wolamulirayo.

Mu 1561, katswiri wa thunthu Gabriele chiberekero, yemwe anali ndi malo wakale Andrew mu University amapemphera anamtuma bukuli analembera otchedwa Observationes Anatomicae. M'bukuli iye anati, "Pa Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu", wochezeka akuloza kusiyana pakati pa ntchito Vesalius ndi kuyang'anila wake pambuyo kunja. Iye ananena momveka bwino kuti mwakayakaya.

Mu 1564 chiberekero anafa. Dipatimenti ya thunthu mu amapemphera anakhala wopanda munthu. Mu chaka chomwecho Vesalius kumanzere Spain, anapitiriza ulendo wopita ku Yerusalemu. Various magwero zilipo amanena kuti iye anatumidwa ndi Filipo kuti Haji monga chizindikiro cha kulapa. Mfumu amati anasankhazo pambuyo m'banja lapamwamba anauzidwa pa thunthu la chosintha mu Spanish kusaka autopsy iwo m'banja lachifumu amene mtima akadali kumenya.

Malipoti onsewa zochokera gwero limodzi - kalata ankati olembedwa mu 1565 ndi Hubert nthumwi splints. Zikuoneka kuti anangopeka zaka 50 pambuyo pa imfa ya anatomist lapansi. Andrey Vezaly, amene yonena suphatikizapo mwa mfundo zimenezi (zikalata chachikulu kutsimikizira milandu kutsutsana naye, ayi), mwina anapita mochenjera ndi ulendo wa ulere kusiya Philip m'khoti Spain, ndipo kenako nkubwerera ku amapemphera.

Personal moyo ndi imfa

Mu 1544 Vesalius anakwatira mwana wa phungu wolemera Brussels - Anne Van Hamme. Iwo anali ndi mwana mmodzi mtsikana amene anabadwa mu 1545. Makolo dzina lake Anna ake. Banja moyo pamodzi nthawi zambiri. Koma pamene Vesalius anayamba ulendo wake wopita ku Yerusalemu, mkazi wake ndiponso mwana anabwerera ku Brussels.

Wasayansi anafika ku Yerusalemu, kumene iye analandira kuitana kalata ku mpando wa thunthu ndi opaleshoni pa University amapemphera. Mwatsoka, Andrey Vezaly, kanthawi yonena umene chisoni linasokonekera, sanabwereko kuti amapemphera. ulendo wake ku Yerusalemu chodetsedwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Ndi nthawi ngalawayo inafika gombe pachilumba Greek wa Zakynthos, Vesalius anali amasowa kudwala. Iye anamwalira patapita masiku ochepa. Andrey Vezaly, woyambitsa wa thunthu sayansi, wamwalira pa zaka 49. Izo zinachitika October 15, 1564. Iye anaikidwa mu Zakynthos.