Dzhon Keyns. "The General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Ndalama"

Dzhona Keynsa 'General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Money "buku linasindikizidwa mu 1936. wolemba amatanthauzira m'njira yakeyake ndiye nkhani yolembedwa otchuka za kudziletsa lamulo la chuma msika.

State lamulo m'pofunika

chiphunzitso Keynes umanena kuti msika chuma alibe limagwirira zachilengedwe kuonetsetsa ntchito zonse ndi kuteteza kuchepa kupanga ndi ntchito ndipo zonse ankafuna akaphatikiza afunika boma.

Mbali A chiphunzitso anali kusanthula mavuto kwa chuma lonse - mowa paokha, chuma, ndalama boma, ie, zinthu zimene kudziwa mphamvu ya kufunika akaphatikiza ...

Mu pakati pa XX m'ma Keynesian njira lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya zifukwa ndondomeko zachuma. Chotsatira wakhala mathamangitsidwe kukula zachuma. Ndi vuto la 70-80. chiphunzitso Keynesian wakhala kudzudzulidwa, ndipo mmalo kunapatsidwa kwa ziphunzitso za neoliberal, kutsata mfundo sanali kulowelera mu chuma.

nkhani zakale

Buku Keynes a chinali chiyambi cha "Keynesianism" - asayansi amene anabweretsa chuma cha mavuto katundu Western, kufotokoza zifukwa kuchepa ulimi mu 30s kwa zaka za m'ma 20 ndipo akayamba njira zopewera ake m'tsogolo.

Dzhon Keyns, wa zachuma ndi maphunziro, poyamba anali wantchito wa Dipatimenti ya Indian Affairs, Committee pa Finance ndi ndalama, anatumikira mu Unduna wa Zachuma. Zimenezi zinamuthandiza kuti abwereze chiphunzitso neoclassical wa zachuma ndi kuyala maziko a mtundu watsopano.

Anakhudzidwa ndi chakuti Dzhon Keyns ndi Alfred Marshall - woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso Wachiwiri-chakale, anawoloka mu College Cambridge Mfumu. Keynes - monga wophunzira, ndipo Marshall - mu udindo wa mphunzitsi, amayamikira luso la wophunzira wake.

Ntchito yake, Keynes cholakwika lamulo boma la chuma.

Isanafike chiphunzitso chimenechi chuma pothetsa mavuto pogwiritsa ntchito chuma microeconomic. kuwunika zinali zochepa kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito, komanso ngati zolinga zake kuchepetsa ndalama ndi kupindula kwambiri. Keynes 'chiphunzitso cha kasamalidwe phokoso la chuma lonse, kutanthauza nawo boma chuma cha dziko.

A njira yatsopano kasamalidwe mavuto

Kumayambiriro kwa Yohane. Keynes amazitsutsa mfundo ndi mfundo za chiphunzitso amakono potengera Chilamulo msika Nena a. Chilamulo kugulitsa katundu wawo wopanga kwa ogulidwa wina. The wogulitsa ndi wogula amakhala, pempholo zinagwira anthu, ndipo timakhala n'zosatheka overproduction. Mwina yekha msanga lithe overproduction wa katundu zina zamanja. J .. Keynes ananena kuti, kuwonjezera nzeru katundu, pali ndalama kuwombola. Ndalama ntchito kudzikundikira, kuchepetsa kufunika ndi kutsogolera ku overproduction katundu.

Monga kuyenera chuma, amene ayankhe funso la kufunika ndi zonyozeka samorazreshayuschimsya, Keynes kukhala chapakati chipilala kusanthula zazikulu za citukuko. chiphunzitso Keynes ndi: kufunika zimatengera mwachindunji pa ntchito.

ntchito

Dokeynsianskie chiphunzitso amaona ulova Mabaibulo ake awiri: a mikangano - chotsatira cha kusowa mfundo za kukhalapo kwa ogwira ntchito, kupanda kufunitsitsa kusamukira, ndi zaufulu - chotsatira cha wosafuna ntchito zogwirizana mankhwala malire ntchito malipiro, imene "wowawa" ntchito kuposa malipiro. Keynes anayamba akuti "musanaganizire ulova".

Malingana ndi chiphunzitso neoclassical, ulova zimadalira zokolola za malire, ndi malire ake "wowawa" womwe ndi malipiro kumene kumatsimikizira mwayi wa ntchito. Ngati ofuna kugwirizana malipiro, kuwonjezeka ntchito kuchepetsa. Zimenezi zikutanthawuza - kudalira ntchito pa ntchito.

maganizo pa izi John Maynard Keynes chiyani? chiphunzitso chake anakana. Employment wantchito ndi ufulu ndi chifukwa kusintha mu ankafuna ogwira, wofanana ndi akaphatikiza mowa tsogolo ndi ndalama. Kuuza amakhudza akadzabweranso muchite. M'mawu ena, vuto la ulova ndi ofanana ndi bizinesi ndi zolinga zake.

Ulova ndi kufunika

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma lomaliza mlingo ulova US anafika 25%. Ikufotokoza mfundo zimene chiphunzitso chuma Dzhona Keynsa aipatsa penipeni. Keynes anayerekezera pakati pa mavuto a ntchito ndi kufunika akaphatikiza.

Mlingo wa ndalama Mzimuyo mowa. madyedwe kuchepa kumabweretsa kuchepetsa ntchito. Dzhon Keyns anafotokoza zimenezi "chilamulo maganizo": kukula ndalama kumabweretsa kuchuluka mowa pa nusu ya kukula. Mbali inanso awasungira. Kuwonjezeka ndalama amachepetsa propensity kudya, ndi kudzikundikira wa - ukuwonjezeka.

The chiŵerengero cha kukula mu katundu ndi ndalama DC DS ndi kuwonjezeka ndalama Dy Keynes otchedwa chilakolako malire kudya ndi kudzikundikira:

• MPC = DC / Dy;
• Aphungu = DS / Dy.

The kuchepa ogula amalamula kuchepetsa ndi kuchuluka ndalama. Apo ayi, yafupika ntchito ndi mlingo wa kukula kwa ndalama dziko.

Msungidwe

Growth likulu ndalama - chochititsa chachikulu cha kufunika kogwira, kuchepetsa ulova ndi kuonjezera ndalama pagulu. Choncho, kuwonjezera kukula kwa ndalama ayenera kuchepetsa kuwuka mu kufunika kwa ndalama likulu.

Kuonetsetsa kuti ndalama ayenera kumasuliridwa mu ndalama zawo. Choncho Keynesian chilinganizo: ndalama yokwana accumulations (I = S). Koma kunena zoona, si anakumana. . J. Keynes ananena kuti ndalama mwina zizigwirizana ndalama, chifukwa amadalira ndalama, chuma - mlingo wa chidwi, profitability, msonkho, zinthu zasokonekera.

chiwongola dzanja

wolemba analemba kuti ndalama ayenera kuchokera ndalama likulu, kuchepetsa dzuwa ake (DP / Di, kumene P - phindu, I - chilungamo ndalama) ndi chiwongola dzanja. Makampani aganyali ndalama pamene kuchepetsa mphamvu ya ndalama likulu kuposa chiwongola dzanja. kufanana ndalama ndi chiwongola dzanja adzakhala kumana ndalama ndalama ndi kuchepetsa kufunika kwa ndalama.

The chiwongola dzanja limafanana ndi kumalire a profitability wa ndalama likulu. M'munsi mlingo, zazikulu ndalama.

Malinga Keynes, kudzikundikira ndi imagwiridwa pambuyo wosangalala zosowa, kotero kuchuluka kukula sichichititsa kuchuluka kwawo. Chiwerengero ndi mtengo wa sanali liquidity. Mfundo imeneyi akubwera Dzhon Keyns pamaziko a chilamulo chake chachiwiri: ndi propensity kwa liquidity chifukwa cha chilakolako kulilandira luso kusintha kwa ndalama ku likulu.

ndalama msika osakhalitsa kumawonjezera wofuna liquidity, amene Angakugonjetseni kuchuluka zikuluzikulu. ndalama msika bata M'malo mwake, amachepetsa chilakolako ndi mlingo chidwi.

Mlingo wa chidwi Timaona Keynes ayimire chikoka cha ndalama pa ndalama pagulu.

Kuwonjezeka kuchuluka kwa ndalama kumawonjezera kotunga liquidity, kugwa kwawo mphamvu kugula, kudzikundikira amakhala wosakongola. Yafupika mlingo wa chidwi, ndalama kukula.

Dzhon Keyns kulimbikitsa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama kwa kulowetsedwa zosowa za ulimi ndi kukula ndalama okwanira mu makope. Choncho lingaliro la kuchepekedwa ndalama, zimene zimaphatikizapo ntchito kufufuma monga njira kukhalabe bizinesi.

The kuchepa mlingo chidwi

Mlembi akumufunsira kuonjezera ndi mfundo zachuma ndi ndalama.

Malamulo a ndalama ndi kuchepetsa chiwongola dzanja. Izi kuchepetsa malire Mwachangu ndalama, kuwapanga okongola kwambiri. Boma ayenera kumasula mu makope monga ndalama zambiri monga m'pofunika kuchepetsa chiwongola dzanja.

Ndiye Dzhon Keyns adzafika ku mapeto za kupanda lamulo pa ulimi wa vutoli - ndalama samva za kugwa kwa mlingo wa chidwi.

Analysis wa dzuwa la likulu mu kuzungulira Malire yolumikizana ndi amayesa ubwino tsogolo la likulu ndi chidaliro mwa amalonda. Kubwezeretsa chidaliro kutsitsa mitengo chidwi sizingatheke. Monga Dzhon Keyns adakhulupirira, chuma zikhoza kukhala mu "liquidity msampha", pamene ndalama okwanira kukula sizichepetsa mlingo chidwi.

mfundo bajeti

njira ina kuwonjezeka ndalama ndi mfundo zachuma, chomwe mu kukula kwa ntchito ndalama likuvutika ndalama bajeti, mwachitsanzo. A. Private ndalama pa vutoli yafupika chifukwa cha mtima woipa wa ndalama.

Bwino mfundo zachuma a boma ndi kukula kwa ankafuna wogwira mtima, pamene zinkaoneka achabechabe ndikungowononga ndalama. Boma ndalama, amene kutsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu kotunga chofunika, ndi mavuto overproduction, Keynes anakhulupirira bwino.

Kuonjezera voliyumu ya chuma pansi pa ndalama payekha ayenera bungwe la zogula poyera katundu, ngakhale ambiri, Keynes anaumirira kuti sakufuna kuwonjezera ndalama za boma ndi boma kuti aganyali ndalama kupitirirabe likulu.

Ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri mu olimba a vuto la overproduction akuwonjezeka kudya a boma, chikhalidwe ntchito, kugawa ndalama mu gulu ndi kumwa apamwamba: malipiro earners, osauka, mogwirizana ndi "chilamulo maganizo" kuonjezera mowa pa ndalama otsika.

zotsatira multiplier

Machaputala 10 a chiphunzitso cha multiplier Canna ndi akupangidwa onena za propensity m'mphepete kudya.

ndalama National mwachindunji amadalira ndalama, ndi mphamvu ya mawu, kupyoza iwo kwambiri monga chotsatira cha mmene multiplier. Ndalama kupanga kutambasuka kwa gawo lina zotsatira zofanana kwenikweni pa mafakitale zokhudzana, zofanana ndi mmene mwala amachititsa nambwibwi. Pakuika chuma kumawonjezera revenues ndipo kumachepetsa ulova.

Boma mavuto ayenera kupeza ndalama zomangira madamu ndi misewu, amene adzaonetsetsa chitukuko cha madera ofanana kupanga ndi kuonjezera kufunika ogula ndi kufunika ndalama. Kodi kuonjezera ntchito komanso ndalama.

Popeza ndalama pang'ono amasonkhana, makanema ojambula ake ali m'malire a. Liwiro mowa amachepetsa likulu ndalama - chinthu chachikulu chomwe makanema ojambula. Choncho, multiplier ndi inversely njila kwa propensity malire kupulumutsa aphungu:

• M = 1 / aphungu.

Kusintha kwa chuma Dy Di akupeza ndalama upambana zawo M nthawi:

• Dy = M Di;
• M = Dy / Di.

Kuwonjezeka ndalama anthu zimadalira kuchuluka kwa kukula mowa - Kuchepetsa propensity kudya.

kukhazikitsa

Buku anali ndi ubwino mapangidwe limagwirira cha lamulo la zachuma pofuna mavuto.

Kunapezeka kuti msika sangathe kupereka ntchito pazipita, ndi kukula chuma zotheka chifukwa cha nawo izo ya boma.

Dzhona Keynsa chiphunzitso ali mfundo methodological:

• njira zazikulu za citukuko;
• kuphunzira mmene kufunika kwa ulova ndi kupeza ndalama;
• Kupenda mmene ndondomeko zachuma ndi ndalama kuonjezera ndalama;
• multiplier kukula ndalama.

malingaliro Keynes anali woyamba zagwiridwa ndi US pulezidenti Roosevelt mu 1933-1941 biennium. Federal mgwirizano dongosolo ndi 70s chaka allocates wachitatu wa bajeti dziko.

M'mayiko ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zida ndalama kasamalidwe kufunika kwa kuchepetsa kusinthasintha cyclical chuma chikuyendera awo. Keynesianism yafalikira thanzi, maphunziro, malamulo.

Siyana za West ya kapangidwe dziko kasamalidwe kulimbitsa kugwirizana ndi centralization wa matupi lolamulira, chifukwa ndi kuchuluka kwa antchito boma ndi boma.