Mtengo lumo - ndichiyani? 1923, mtengo lumo: zimayambitsa, chofunikira ndi njira

chuma Union a Soviet anali kudutsa kwambiri za nthawi ya mavuto, zimene zinachititsa kuti zotsatira zabwino ndi zoipa. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi ya malamulo atsopano a zachuma panali chinthu monga lumo mtengo. Kwenikweni umenewu chagona pa mitengo vutoli pakati kupanga gawo mafakitale ndi. Tiyeni tione, kodi akamanena mawu akuti nanga zimayambitsa nanga njira kusiya zimenezi.

Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani?

Aliyense amene anaphunzira zachuma ndi chitukuko mayiko a zachuma, bwino ndi mawu akuti "mtengo lumo". Ndi chiyani icho? Ambiri, mawuwa amanena za kusiyana kwa mitengo magulu osiyana kwa katundu mfundo msika lonse. Extension mu mtengo chifukwa chakuti pali phindu lochuluka zachuma, amene analandira kuchokera yopanga ndi kugulitsa katundu wina. Ngakhale kuti n'zosatheka kufananiza mitengo katundu wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, pali maganizo kuti mtengo wa mankhwala chopangidwa ndi zambiri yopindulitsa kwambiri kwa wogulitsa koposa mafuta ndi zipangizo. Nthawi zambiri mtengo lumo kufotokoza kuwombola zosafunika katundu pakati akumidzi ndi m'matauni ndi pakati limati olemera ndi osauka.

Maonekedwe akuti mu USSR

Pamene liwu Soviet Union Lvom Davidovichem polima "mtengo lumo" Trotsky makamaka lalikulu pomakambirana momwe zinthu nthawi ndi mafakitale ndi katundu mitengo. malonda mavuto, zomwe kale kumaonekera mu chaka cha 1923 anasonyeza kuti anthu sangathe kupeza mankhwala mafakitale apamwamba n'ngwokayikitsa. Ngakhale chabe zatarivatsya anthu mwamsanga kugulitsa katundu ndi kupanga phindu. Zonsezi zinachitika kuti abwere makampani kuti gawo lina, ndi nthawi yomweyo kulera mlingo wa boma wonse. Malinga ndi chuma, njira imeneyi sikuti kubweretsa zotsatira zabwino, koma izo zikuchitika m'mayiko ambiri padziko lonse.

Akamanena za mavuto 1923

Back mu 1923, mafakitale anayamba kugulitsa pa mtengo wapamwamba, ngakhale khalidwe ndi osauka. Choncho, mu October, m'chaka cha 23 cha m'ma otsiriza mtengo wa katundu chopangidwa anakwana maperesenti oposa 270 wa mtengo anaika katundu yemweyo mu 1913. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi kuwuka waukulu kwambiri mtengo wa mitengo ya ulimi chinawonjezeka ndi 89 peresenti zokha. The chodabwitsa cha vutoli Trotsky anatuma latsopano akuti - "lumo mitengo". zinali sizimadziwika, boma linakumana ndi vuto lenileni - vuto lina chakudya. Wamba sanali kopindulitsa kugulitsa katundu wawo lalikulu zedi. Ife kugulitsa yekha voliyumu kuti analola kulipira misonkho. Komanso boma anaukitsa mtengo msika wa tirigu, ngakhale mtengo wogulira kwa ogulidwa mbewu m'midzi anakhalabe mu malo, ndi zina utachepa.

Zimayambitsa mavutowo

Kuti timvetse chodabwitsa cha "lumo mtengo" mu 1923, vutoli, akamanena za mavuto kutangoyamba, kufunika kwa kuphunzira zambiri anakulira. Mu Soviet Union mu nthawi mu funso anayamba ndondomeko mafakitale, makamaka ulimi. Komanso, dziko linali pa siteji ya wosazindikira kudzikundikira likulu, ndi gawo lalikulu la ndalama okwana dziko nkhani ndi gawo la ulimi. Ndipo kuti kuwonjezera mlingo wa mafakitale, zinali zofunika ndalama, omwe 'amawapopa kunja "ulimi.

M'mawu ena, panali kusokonekera kwa utuluke chuma, ndi lumo mtengo mu nthawi ino basi wakulitsidwa. Panali makhalidwe a mitengo mankhwala kayendedwe, anagulitsa mabwana ntchito zaulimi pa dzanja limodzi, ndi katundu anagula ndi iwo ku opanga ntchito ina yapadera - pa ena.

Njira yothetsera

Akuluakulu ayesetsa kuthetsa mavuto chuma, zomwe zinachititsa Lumo mtengo (1923). The zifukwa ndi njira imene akufuna kuti boma la Soviet, anaphatikizapo mfundo zingapo. Choyamba, anaganiza kuchepetsa ndalama mu gawo kupanga. Wakhala akwaniritsa mu njira zingapo, ndi ofunika kwambiri amene - kuchepetsa ndodo, ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa ndondomekoyi kupanga kulamulira malipiro promsektora antchito, kuchepetsa ntchito ya middlemen. Mugawo anali zimatheka ndi kulenga Intaneti lalikulu la ogula cooperatives. Kuposa zinali zothandiza? Zolinga zikuluzikulu anali ndi kuchepetsa ndalama katundu chopangidwa owerenga wamba, wosafuna misika okwanira, komanso kuti imathandizira zolowa ndi.

zotsatira khama

Onse odana ndi mavuto zochita za boma zimene zayambitsa zabwino: patatha chaka chimodzi, ndicho mu April 1924, mitengo ya ulimi ananyamuka pang'ono, pamene mafakitale anagwa peresenti 130. 1923, mtengo lumo salinso chomveka (ie mwapang'ono), ndipo anayamba kusunga mitengo moyenera m'madera onse. Makamaka, ubwino anali amagwiritsa ntchito pa mafakitale. Poyerekeza ndi zaka zam'mbuyo, pamene gawo ulimi unali gwero lalikulu la ndalama mu dziko, makampani zachitika mu gwero osadalira pa kudzikundikira. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti achepetse mtengo lumo, potero kukula mtengo kugula mapulogalamu a alimi.

lumo mtengo m'mayiko a Azungu

Osati mu USSR komanso kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi United States ntchito mtengo lumo. zodabwitsazi makamaka chinathandiza kusamutsidwa kupanga ku minda yaing'ono. Mwachitsanzo, nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse mu ena mphamvu capitalist (Britain, France, USA ndi ena.) Major malonda, chuma ndi mafakitale likulu pang'ono ndi pang'ono atagonjetsa mu gawo la ulimi. Tinayamba kulenga agro-mafakitale kucheza, yomwe tinagwirizana kuti tizigwiritsa ntchito atsopano zikuchitika sayansi ndi luso. Komanso, alimi imvera ziyang'aniridwe boma ndi malamulo. Zonsezi zapangitsa chakuti minda yaing'ono, ena mwa iwo ndi mabizinesi banja sitingakhale kupikisana ndi inawonongeka. Izi minda yaing'ono, ngakhale kuthandiza boma, koma alephera kugula zipangizo zodula kapena zapamwamba ulimi opangidwa ndi kuphangira industrialists.

Motero, alimi amayenera kusankha: kapena kupita subordination lathunthu la mabungwe otchuka mafakitale ndi imfa ya ufulu kapena ngakhale kuti asiye ulimi. Pa yemweyo minda nthawi yaikulu chifukwa mapangidwe zovuta agro-mafakitale anamanganso ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi mabungwe ano. Mtundu uwu wa fakitale-munda chifukwa cha lumo mtengo anaonekera mpikisano zonse wogula.