Companion - akafunsiridwa ... ndi mawu akuti "comrade". Kuthana bwenzi, nzika, bwenzi

Mawu "comrade" - ndi imodzi mwa manauni kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito Chirasha. Komabe, mtengo wake waukulu kuwonjezera owonjezera ochepa zapitazo zana. Kodi iwo nanga kusiyana pakati pa mawu akuti "bwenzi", "bwenzi" ndi "nzika"?

Origin mawu

Pa thambo lalikulu la Russia wakale kwa nthawi yaitali panali nauni "comrade". Dzina limeneli anabwera kuchokera Turkic mawu tavar, amene anamasuliridwa kuti "mankhwala" (nthawizina ng'ombe kapena katundu wina).

Akukhulupirira kuti anzake choyambirira otchedwa amalonda, okhazikika mu kugulitsa mtundu wina wa katundu. Koma chifukwa ndiye etymology kakusintha kusintha choncho - ndi losadziwika.

Komanso, pali mtundu chosalimba la mawu akuti "comrade" - ndi "tovarka". M'zaka za m'ma XIX. amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mwakhama kulankhula. Komabe, mu chinenero chamakono, nauni si ambiri ntchito.

Tanthauzo chikhalidwe mawu "comrade"

Pasanapite nthawi 1917 comrades anaitana anthu ogwirizana pakati pawo ndi ntchito wamba kapena ntchito pa nkhaniyo.

mawu awa anali applicable amene kuphunzira pamodzi, kuyenda kapena aukali. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zachilendo nditaona okuluwika "woyanjana m'mavuto."

Ngakhale kuti mogwirizana ndi zochitika za 1917, mawu amamuonera tanthauzo losiyana pang'ono, lero ndi kachiwiri ntchito tanthauzo lake chikhalidwe.

Bwenzi comrade: kodi pali kusiyana

Onse manauni awa n'chimodzimodzi, koma pali kusiyana lomwe pakati pa iwo.

Abwenzi - anthu chikugwirizana ndi akagonana wina ndi mzake pafupi zochokera chifundo, kuzindikira, kusadziona kukhala wopambana ena ndi kukhulupirirana. iwo nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi kapena akuphunzira, nthawizina ntchito. Komabe, zinthu izi ndi sizokhazikika, monga nthawi zina mabwenzi enieni moyo osati m'mizinda, komanso m'maiko munthu.

Kuti ubwenzi safunikira mudzi thupi kapena chikhalidwe, pamene lingaliro la mgwirizano amapereka. Ngakhale Bwenzi bwino ntchito ndipo kawirikawiri sangakhale bwenzi. Osati chifukwa ali ndi makhalidwe ena oipa, koma chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ubwenzi wauzimu, ngakhale chifukwa chofala.

Ndipotu, chifukwa cha ubwenzi, ngati chikondi, ndi zosamvetsetseka. Ndiponso anzawo nthawi zambiri anthu a strata chosiyana chikhalidwe (mu Baibulo Mwachitsanzo, limafotokoza ubwenzi wa mwana wa Mfumu Sauli ndi Davide mbusa).

Si zachilendo pamene ntchito ndi munthu akubwera ndi iye, ndipo iye amakhala ngati bwenzi-bwenzi. Kaya zimenezi ubwenzi mlingo anafika zingadziŵike ndi tchuthi yosavuta chisamaliro. Ngati nyengo ya "kulekana" anthu kupitiriza amayitana, mogwirizana ndi ngakhale nthawi yokwanira yocheza limodzi - ndiye iwo amagwirizana kucheza osati. Mwa njira, mawu a Pushkin "ndi anzake kuchita kanthu," anafotokoza zambiri za mfundo mgwirizano.

Wina muyeso wa variable mfundo izi ndi chakuti nauni "bwenzi" ofanana matanthauzo awo, si ntchito mawu akuti "comrade". "Mlongo" ndi "Panibratov". Komanso, dzina "bromance" (ku England m'bale chibwenzi) linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito nineties oyambirira kufotokoza mabwenzi chikhalidwe si kugonana.

Amene anawaitana comrades mu Soviet Union?

Ndi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa chikominisi ndi kusintha kapangidwe andale a Russian Ufumu anathetsa mankhwala monga "Bwana / Madam", "bwana / madam", "Wolemekezeka", "Ulemerero wanu" ndi ena.

Pofuna kutsindika Kuyanjana pakathi chilengedwe, osati chuma chawo komanso jenda, chithandizo "comrade" polima onse.

Mbiri ya mtengo uwu

mwambo kugwiritsa ntchito mawu monga mankhwala anatuluka pambuyo French kuukira boma. Pambuyo pa chiwonongeko cha ufumu ndi mankhwala a France ku Republic panali kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito pempho ambiri kwa anthu onse, pofuna kutsindika kulingana. Poyamba mawu amenewa anali "nzika» (citoyen), koma sikunali kokwanira "chosintha" ndipo mu 1790 m'malo ndi camarade (comrade).

mawu unakhala wotchuka mu bwalo antimonarchist ndi dzanja kuwala kwa French. Choncho, ambiri a anarchist ndi, chikominisi, mabungwe zokomera ndipo ngakhale chikhalidwe-demokalase za m'ma XIX. Iwo anayamba ntchito monga Buku anthu ake.

Pambuyo kudza kwa ulamuliro wa chikomyunizimu ku ufumu Russian, izo wabweza udindo boma. Mwa njira, mu Nazi Germany mu njira ya mankhwala anali ofanana Parteigenosse (comrade mu chipani).

Utatha Soviet Union mu CIS chithandizo "comrade" phased kunja. Latsopano la Russia lero amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa "nzika" kapena "Ambuye"; ndi Ukraine - "The nzika", "poto".

Nzika, comrade: kodi pali kusiyana

Ngakhale pambuyo French ndi October kusintha mu France ndi Russia kufalitsidwa "nzika" ndi "comrade" anakhala pafupifupi n'chimodzimodzi, pali kusiyana kwambiri pakati pawo. Motero, nzika iliyonse akhoza kukhala bwenzi, koma osati nzika iliyonse anzake.

Popeza kuti nzika - ndi anthu amene kalekale momwemo m'gawo la boma ena, kulandira mapindu onse, ndipo akuyenera kuti akwaniritse ntchito zonse anapatsidwa malinga ndi lamulo. Palibe mwayi bwenzi satero, chifukwa akhoza kukhala nzika ya dziko lina.

mfundo izi kukhala pafupi wina ndi mnzake pa chiyambi cha m'ma XX. chifukwa chakuti anali mu ntchito monga pempho boma ku USSR. "Mnzake" anali pempho paliponse amuna ndi akazi, pamene nauni "nzika" anali chachikazi - ". Nzika"

Kodi "bwenzi" la asilikali

Monga mawu achikalekale anakhalabe ku usilikali m'mayiko ambiri CIS. Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia, Ukraine ndi Belarus, ndi nauni "comrade" ntchito monga kumanga makope boma pakati pa mizere onse. Malinga ndi malamulo, izo zonse anawonjezera kuti udindo usilikali - ". Comrade Major"

otchedwa abwenzi ndi amene

Kuwonjezera pa mfundo ziwili, mawu analinso ena ambiri.

Mu Russian Ufumu pamaso zitasintha, comrade otchedwa akuluakulu kapena akuluakulu ogwira. Komanso limatchedwa monga anthu a zamalonda - mgwirizano.

Chiyukireniya Cossacks mu zaka XVII-XVIII. Ife tinkakonda mutu wa "khamu comrade ankatanthauza mofananira ku Mulingo wa" mphalasa ". Komanso panali dzina linanso - "bunchukovy comrade" amene chopatsika hetmans ana akapitawo ndi Colonel. Mwa njira, pambuyo chiwonongeko cha Zaporizhzhya Sich ana bunchukovyh comrades analandira knighthood mu Russian Ufumu.

Mu Poland, mu comrades nkhalamba, akhacemerwa olemekezeka wolemera, amene adagula ndalama zawo chovala anamuperekeza wake, wopangidwa mwa olemekezeka osauka. Komanso mawu uwu wakhala ukutchedwa waudindo (msilikali).

Pamodzi ndi manauni wamba, pali manauni ochepa ndi dzina lawo. Mwachitsanzo, makungwa chetyrohmachtovy Lauriston, anadzatchedwa ku Soviet Union mu "Comrade". Ngalawayi anawonongedwa mu 1943. Pambuyo pake, dzina lake polemekeza barque German atatu masted Gorch Fock, analandira Soviet Union nkhondo itatha.

dzinalo kusewera Tovarich American Wolemba wina Roberta Shervuda, wolembedwa mu 1935, patatha zaka ziwiri buku la izo anajambula.

Mu 1970 ndi wolemba O. Ivanov analemba nyimbo "Comrade '(' Ndili ndi nyimbo monga mphepo ndidzadzaza m'madera momwe comrade anapita kunkhondo ...") mawu a A. Prokofiev.

Zitsanzo otchuka kwambiri mawu akuti "mnzake"

Kuwonjezera ziganizo zazing'ono deta manauni ( "Tili ndi bwenzi ku anayambitsa lero anapita pamodzi mafilimu a kanema"), pali anthu amene akhala inasanduka nsomba mawu. Mwachitsanzo, ikuchokera pa pulogalamu ya Party Communist wa USSR: ". Munthu munthu - mnzanu, comrade ndi m'bale"

Ponena za ntchito mawu akuti buku, ndiye pali zitsanzo zina zingapo. Polemekeza ngwazi lodziwika bwino filimu "Mkaidi wa Caucasus" dzina lake odyera pa Dnieper ndi - "Comrade CAAX".

Far chiganizo kuposa wina ndi mawu akuti "comrade" likupezeka Soviet Union pa zithunzi zosiyanasiyana kampeni. Mu chithunzi m'munsimu inu mukhoza kuona chitsanzo cha mmodzi wa iwo.

Kulankhula pa phunziro ili, osanenapo chiganizo achipembedzo ndi mawu akuti "comrade" wa olemba V. I. Lenina, amene lero wakhala satirical tanthauzo.

Mawuwa kupyola mu mibadwo pakhala zabwino, koma chifukwa nkhambakamwa kwambiri kwa iwo m'nyengo Soviet lero, izo zimapangitsa anthu mayanjano zosasangalatsa kwambiri. Kodi kusintha kuwoneka.