Kyuri Per: sayansi. Nobel Prize kwa sayansi, Pierre ndi Marii Kyuri

Per Kyuri (May 15, 1859 - April 19, 1906) anali French wasayansi, mpainiya crystallography, nyese, piezoelectricity ndi mpweya wa poizoni.

bwino nkhani

Pamaso iye anayamba kufufuza za mkazi wake - Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Per Kyuri anali kale wotchuka ndi kulemekezedwa ku dziko la sayansi. Pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Jacques, anapeza chodabwitsa piezoelectricity, kumene galasi kungakhale electrically magetsi, ndipo anatulukira mamba khwatsi. ntchito yake pa chosokonekera timibulu ndi anapezazo pa ubale nyese ndi kutentha kuti afike pa asayansi. Iye anali ndi Nobel Prize m'chaka cha 1903 mu sayansi ndi Anri Bekkerelem ndi mkazi wake Mariey Kyuri.

Pierre ndi mkazi wake zatenganso mbali yaikulu pa Kupezeka kwa rediamu ndi polonium, zinthu akhala akuthandiza kwambiri pa anthu ndi katundu zopindulitsa ndiponso nyukiliya. ukwati wawo anayambitsa mzera sayansi: ana ndi adzukulu a sayansi wotchuka akhalanso odziwika bwino asayansi.

Marie ndi Per Kyuri: A MBIRI

Pierre anabadwa mu Paris, France, mu banja la Sophie-Kler Depui, mwana wamkazi wa mwini fakitale, ndi Dr. Eugene Curie, freethinking dokotala. bambo ake anathandiza banja mchitidwewu wodzichepetsa zachipatala, imodzi kukwaniritsa chikondi chake cha sayansi. Ezhen Kyuri anali idealist ndi olimbikira Republican, ndipo anayambitsa kuchipatala ovulala pa kulankhula za 1871.

Pierre analandira wake maphunziro chisanadze yunivesite kunyumba. Anandiphunzitsa woyamba ndi mayi ake, ndiyeno - bambo ndi mchimwene Jacques. Iye ankakonda ulendowu kumidzi, kumene Pierre ankaona ndi kuphunzira za zomera ndi nyama, kukonda za chilengedwe, zisungidwe moyo wake, umene unali zosangalatsa wake yekha ndi zosangalatsa mu ntchito zanu wotsatira sayansi. Ndili ndi zaka 14, anasonyeza chizolowezi amphamvu ncholinga sayansi ndipo anayamba kuphunzira ndi katswiri wa masamu, amene anathandiza kuti akhale mphatso ake chilango, makamaka okhudza malo chifaniziro.

Curie mnyamata anaonerera zatsopano wochitidwa ndi bambo ake, ndipo wapeza Ambiri Amakonda maphunziro experimental.

Ya mankhwala mu Physics

Pierre kudziwa m'munda wa sayansi ndi masamu anam'bweretsera mu 1875. digirii ya Bachelor ya Science pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Pa zaka 18, iye analandira digiri ofanana pa Sorbonne, imatchedwanso University of Paris, koma osati nthawi yomweyo analowa pulogalamu digirii chifukwa chosowa ndalama. M'malo mwake, iye anali ngati wothandizira zasayansi pa Alma Mater wake mu 1878, wokhala wothandizira Paulo Desena, udindo zasayansi ntchito ya ophunzira-sayansi. Pamene m'bale wake Jacques ntchito mu zasayansi wa mineralogy pa Sorbonne, ndipo anayamba wopindulitsa nthawi ya zaka zisanu mgwirizano sayansi.

ukwati wabwino

Mu 1894, Pierre anakumana mkazi wakeyu - Mariey Sklodovskoy, amene anaphunzira sayansi ndi masamu pa Sorbonne, ndi mkazi July 25, 1895, atacita losavuta yapachiweniweni ukwati. Monga ukwati ndalama pano Maria ntchito kugula njinga awiri, banjali anapanga ulendo ukwati ku zigawo French, ndi amene anali njira yaikulu zosangalatsa kwa zaka zambiri. Mu 1897, iwo anali ndi mwana wamkazi, ndi masiku angapo, mayi Pierre anamwalira. Dr. Curie anasamukira kuti banjali ndipo anathandiza kusamalira mdzukulu wanga, Iren Kyuri.

Pierre ndi Marie anadzipereka ntchito sayansi. Pamodzi iwo anazindikira polonium ndi rediamu, anali apainiya mu kuphunzira kwa mpweya wa poizoni ndipo anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amenewa. Ntchito yake, kuphatikizapo wotchuka digirii nkhani yolembedwa Maria, iwo ntchito deta kuchokera electrometer tcheru piezoelectric, analengedwa ndi Pierre ndi m'bale wake Jacques.

Per Kyuri: MBIRI wasayansi ndi

Mu 1880, iye ndi mchimwene wake Jacques anasonyeza kuti psinjika za galasi angathe magetsi, piezoelectricity. Posakhalitsa (pa 1881 chaka) wasonyeza zotsatira zosiyana: timibulu akhoza olumala ndi munda magetsi. Pafupifupi onse digito zamagetsi lero ntchito zodabwitsazi mu mawonekedwe a oscillators krustalo.

Isanafike digirii nkhani yolembedwa wake wotchuka nyese kuona maginito koefishienti French sayansi zachitika ndi wangwiro ndi torsion bwino ankaganizira kwambiri. kusinthidwa yawo namtsata ndi ofufuza ku munda.

Pierre anaphunzira ferromagnetism, paramagnetism ndi diamagnetism. Iye anatulukira ndipo anafotokoza kudalira ndi zinthu angathe kukhala nyese ndi kutentha masiku ano amadziwika kuti lamulo Curie. The zonse mu lamulo ili amatchedwa Curie zonse. Pierre anapeza kuti zinthu ferromagnetic ndi kutentha yovuta ya kusintha, pamwamba chimene iwo anataya katundu ferromagnetic. chodabwitsa akutchedwa Curie mfundo.

mfundo yomwe anakonza Per Kyuri, chiphunzitso chosokonekera, ndi zotsatira thupi zingachititse asymmetry, kupanda zimabweretsa. Mwachitsanzo, osakaniza mwachisawawa mchenga asymmetry weightlessness alibe (mchenga ndi isotropic). Mothandizidwa yokoka chifukwa asymmetry wa malangizo munda kutero. Grits "zosankhidwa" mu osalimba, amene kumawonjezera ndi kuya. Koma izi latsopano tinthu imatsogoleredwa interposition mchenga kwenikweni amasonyeza asymmetry za kuthengo yokoka, kuchititsa kulekana.

mpweya wa poizoni

Pierre neri Marie ntchito mpweya wa poizoni inachokera pa zotsatira za X-ray ndi Anri Bekkerelya. Mu chaka cha 1898, pambuyo kafukufuku wogwira, iwo anapeza polonium ndi miyezi ingapo - Analandira, Kupeleka 1 g elementi mankhwala uraninite. Komanso, iwo anapeza kuti beta cheza ndi zoipa mlandu particles.

Kutsegula Pierre ndi Marii Kyuri kumafuna khama. Ndalama zokwanira, ndi kupulumutsa pa ndalama zoyendera, ntchito iwo biked. Inde, malipiro a aphunzitsi anali kochepa, koma mwamuna ndi mkazi anapitiriza asayansi kuthera nthawi yawo ndi ndalama kufufuza.

Kupezeka kwa polonium

Chinsinsi cha kupambana kwawo kutsatira Mapiko Curie njira yatsopano ya kusanthula mankhwala, zochokera muyeso zolondola cheza. Aliyense mankhwala anaikidwa pa chimodzi cha zigawo capacitor, ndipo ndi electrometer ntchito khwatsi piezoelectric ndi anayeza mpweya madutsidwe. kuchuluka Ichi ndi njila kwa zili mankhwala yogwira monga ureniamu kapena thorium.

Banjalo kufufuzidwa kunja ambiri kugwirizana kwa zinthu pafupifupi onse odziwika ndipo anapeza kuti yekha ureniamu ndi thorium ndi nyukiliya. Komabe, iwo anaganiza kuyeza cheza panamveka ndi ores omwe ali yotengedwa ureniamu ndi thorium, monga halkolit ndi uraninite. Miyalayo anasonyeza ntchito iyo inali nthawi 2.5 woposa wa ureniamu. Pambuyo mankhwala ndi zotsalira chidulo, ndi sulfide wa hydrogen, anapeza kuti mankhwala yogwira mu zochita zonse limodzi bismuth. Komabe, akwaniritsa kugawanika tsankho, tingadziwe kuti sulfide bismuth sichidziwika oyaka kuposa sulfide ndi chinthu, yomwe dzina lake polonium polemekeza Marii Kyuri dziko la Poland.

Analandira, dzuwa, ndi Nobel Prize

December 26, chaka cha 1898 ndi Jacques Curie Bemoni, mutu wa kafukufuku "Sukulu Municipal wa Industrial Physics ndi Chemistry", mu lipoti lake kwa Academy of Sciences analengeza Kupezeka kwa chinthu, yomwe dzina lake Analandira.

French wasayansi, pamodzi ndi mmodzi wa ana ake kwa nthawi yoyamba anawulula mphamvu ya atomu, kupeza yothandizira kutentha cheza particles kumene anapeza amafotokozera. Iye ankafufuza cheza zinthu nyukiliya, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu ya maginito, iye anali kudziwa kuti ena a particles panamveka ali ndithu mlandu, ndi zina - mu mthunzi, pamene ena anali ndale. Kotero anapeza Alpha, beta ndi Popanga madzi a gamma cheza.

Curie nawo Mphoto Nobel mu Physics mu 1903 ndi mkazi wake ndi Anri Bekkerelem. Iwo anali kupereka zosowa za utumiki zapadera anagamula ndi researches awo cheza zochitika anapeza Pulofesa Becquerel.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Per Kyuri, amene atulukira poyamba sanali ambiri analandira France, amene sanalole kuti atenge mpando wa umagwirira thupi ndi mineralogy pa Sorbonne, anapita ku Geneva. Mayendetsedwe kusintha zinthu kuti akhoza anafotokoza maganizo ake leftist kusemphana maganizo pa ndondomeko ya Republic Chachitatu poyerekezera ndi sayansi. Pambuyo candidacy ake anaponyedwa mu 1902, mu 1905 iye anavomereza kuti Academy.

Kutchuka kwa Nobel Prize upezeke ku French yamalamulo mu 1904 kukhazikitsa professorship watsopano Curie pa Sorbonne. Pierre anati iye sanakhale mu Sukulu ya Physics, pamene sipadzakhala kwathunthu ndalama ndi zasayansi ndi chiwerengero kofunika othandizira. ankafuna wake anali kukumana ndipo Mary walunjika choyezera.

Ndi chiyambi cha 1906 Per Kyuri anali wokonzeka, potsiriza, kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyamba ntchito zinthu moyenera, ngakhale anali odwala ndi otopa kwambiri.

April 19, 1906 mu Paris, panthawi yopuma ya nkhomaliro, kupita ku msonkhano ndi anzake pa Sorbonne kudutsa poterera mvula Rue Dauphine Curie ndinazembera kutsogolo kwa kavalo ophimba. Wasayansi anamwalira pangozi. imfa yake mwadzidzidzi, ngakhale zomvetsa chisoni Komabe, zinamuthandiza kuti tithawe imfa chakuti Per Kyuri anapeza - cheza padzuwa, ndipo kenako kupha mkazi wake. banjali anaikidwa mu crypt wa Pantheon ku Paris.

Zotsatira za sayansi ndi

The mpweya wa poizoni wa Analandira kuvumbitsira zoopsa mankhwala amafotokozera. Asayansi ankadziwa pokhapokha ntchito chinthu pounikira dials, mapanelo, mawotchi, ndi zida zina za m'ma makumi awiri anayamba zimakhudza umoyo wa amaphunzitsidwa ndi ogula. Komabe, Analandira mankhwala enaake ntchito mankhwala zochizira matenda a khansa.

Polonium walandira zosiyanasiyana ntchito zothandiza kumanga mafakitale ndi nyukiliya. , Imatchedwanso kuti oopsa kwambiri ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati poyizoni. Mwina chofunika kwambiri ndi ntchito yake nyutironi lama fuyusi kwa zida za nyukiliya.

Polemekeza Pierre Curie mu Radiology Congress mu 1910 atamwalira Physics wakhala dzina lake botolo la mpweya wa poizoni wofanana 3.7 × October ¹⁰ disintegrations pa wachiwiri kapena 37 gigabecquerels.

Science mzera

Ana ndi adzukulu a sayansi akhalanso asayansi otchuka. mwana wawo wamkazi, Irène anakwatira Frederika Zholio ndipo mu 1935 iwo onse analandira mphoto ya Nobel mu zimapangidwira. Mwana wamng'ono Eva, anabadwa mu 1904, anakwatira nthumwi American ndi mkulu wa Fund Ana a UN. Iye ndi woyambitsa wa mbiri ya amake, "Madame Curie" (1938), linamasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri.

Chidzukulu - Hélène Langevin-Joliot - anakhala katswiri wa sayansi ya nyukiliya pa University of Paris, ndi mdzukulu wake - Pierre Joliot-Curie ndipo dzina lake polemekeza agogo ake - odziwika bwino yanga.