Hybrids - izo ... kudutsa zomera. hybrids interspecific

Njira kwambiri zingamuthandize kuti kuthetsa dziko vuto chakudya ndi zikuoneka kusintha zina mbewu alipo wamkulu pa dziko kale. Hybrids - kanthu kena kamene kugwira ntchito yaikulu mu kuonetsetsa chakudya chokwanira. Ndipotu, ambiri mwa madera oyenera ulimi kale. Kuwonjezeka kuchuluka kwa madzi ntchito iwo, feteleza ndi mankhwala ena chuma chosatheka mu malo ambiri. N'chifukwa chake kufunika kwapadera kuwongolera mbewu alipo. A wosakanizidwa - chomera analandira chabe chifukwa cha kusintha.

mapuloteni okhutira

Vuto si kuonjezera zokolola komanso kuonjezera mapuloteni okhutira ndi zakudya zina. Pakuti mwamuna n'kofunika khalidwe la mapuloteni mu edible zomera: nyama (ndi anthu makamaka) ayenera kuwapeza chakudya chofunikira kuchuluka kwa onse wofunikira (ie iwo amene akulephera kuti lithe okha ..) Mwa amino zidulo. Atatu kuchokera mu 20 amino zidulo koyenera kuti munthu amabwera ndi chakudya. Otsala 12 akhoza kwaiye palokha. Komabe, ambabzala ndi kumatheka chifukwa cha wosankhidwa proteinaceous zikuchokera amatipeza amafuna asafe ndi zakudya zina kuposa mawonekedwe pachiyambi, kotero kuti si nthawi zonse kukhala wamkulu pa m'mayiko mmphepete kumene kukufunika zikhalidwe makamaka lalikulu.

katundu watsopano

Quality akuphatikizapo osati kokha zokolola, zikuchokera ndi kuchuluka kwa mapulotini. Analenga mitundu amene zambiri kugonjetsedwa ndi matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, chifukwa iwo ali metabolites sekondale, dzi mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa zipatso (mwachitsanzo, maapulo, ofiira owala mtundu), ndi bwino kupirira zoyendera ndi kusunga (mwachitsanzo, hybrids kowonjezeka kusunga khalidwe la tomato), komanso Kukhala katundu zina zofunika kwa chikhalidwe.

Activities obereketsa

Obereketsa amapenda zilipo zosiyanasiyana chibadwa. Ali kwa zaka anabweretsa zikwi mizere bwino mbewu zofunika kwambiri. Monga ulamuliro, m'pofunika kulandira ndi kuunikira zikwi hybrids, kuti kusankha ochepa wa iwo amene moona Wamphamvu zoposa katundu wawo kale ambiri kuwetedwa. Mwachitsanzo, zokolola chimanga mu United States kuyambira 1930s kuti 1980s wa. chinawonjezeka pafupifupi nthawi, ngakhale kuti obereketsa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbali yaing'ono chabe ya zosiyanasiyana majini a chikhalidwe. Pali zambiri ndipo latsopano hybrids. Ichi chizathandiza ntchito acreage efficiently.

chimanga hybrid

Kuwonjezeka zokolola za chimanga zidatheka makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito mbeu wosakanizidwa. izi chikhalidwe inbred mizere (hybrid okha ndi chiyambi) ankagwiritsanso ntchito njira makolo. Mbewu chifukwa mitanda pakati pawo zikukwaniritsidwa hybrids wamphamvu kwambiri chimanga. mizere Crossbreed anabzala m'mizere alternating, ndipo mbewu imodzi dzanja izi anadula panicles (wamwamuna inflorescences). Choncho, mbewu zonse Mabaibulo awa wosakanizidwa. Iwo ndi katundu n'kopindulitsa kwambiri kwa anthu. Ndi kusankha mosamala mizere inbred mukhoza kupeza hybrids wamphamvu. Awa ndi zomera kuti ali oyenera kulima malo alionse ankafuna. Chifukwa zizindikiro za zomera hybrid zofanana, iwo savuta kuyeretsa. Ndipo zokolola za aliyense wa iwo ndi apamwamba kuposa m'mabaibulo unimproved. Mu 1935 chimanga hybrids nkhani zosakwana 1% ya onse ya mbewu zolimidwa ku US, ndipo tsopano pafupifupi onse. Amene akupeza zokolola kwambiri apamwamba a mbewu izi kuli nthawi yambiri kuposa kale.

The kupambana kwa malo padziko lonse kuswana

Pazaka makumi angapo wakhala kwambiri kuyesetsa kusintha zokolola za tirigu ndi mbewu zina, makamaka m'madera a nyengo ofunda. patsogolo chidwi chaonekera mu malo kuswana lonse mu mayiko a. Pamene hybrids latsopano ayipanga mu tirigu, chimanga ndi mpunga anali wamkulu mu Mexico, India ndi Pakistan, izi zachititsa kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu n'kumenenso, analandira dzina la Green utasintha.

wobiriwira zisinthe

Yopangidwa pa ake njira kuswana, feteleza ndi ulimi akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito M'mayiko ambiri osauka. Aliyense chikhalidwe kupeza mkulu zokolola amafuna zinthu mulingo woyenera kukula. Fetereza, mechanization ndi ulimi wothirira - zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika wa Green utasintha. Chifukwa mbali Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ngongole kokha nzika ndi olemera anatha kukula zomera hybrids watsopano (mbewu monga chimanga). M'madera ambiri, ulimi wobiriwira wapita inapita ku ndende ya dziko manja angapo a eni olemera. ndi kusokonekera kwa chuma amenewa sindiye kupereka ntchito kapena chakudya kwa anthu ambiri mu zigawo izi.

triticale

zina zinali ndi zotsatira zodabwitsa za njira miyambo ya kuswana kubzala. Mwachitsanzo wosakanizidwa ya tirigu (Triticum) ndi rye (Secale) triticale (sayansi dzina Triticosecale) wayamba zofunika kwambiri m'madera ambiri, ndipo zikuoneka kuti adzapeza kwambiri. Iwo anali akamagwira anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero DNA wosakanizidwa wosabala wa tirigu ndi rye m'ma 1950s. J .. O'Mara pa University of pc. Iowa ntchito colchicine, zinthu kuteteza mapangidwe mbale cha ndende. Triticale Chili zokolola mkulu wa tirigu ndi rye unpretentiousness. Zophatikiza kokhazikika liniya dzimbiri - matenda a mafangasi yemwe ali mmodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe kuchepetsa zokolola za tirigu. crossbreeding Komanso ndi kusankha anaonetsa bwino mizere triticale kwa malo enieni. Cha m'ma 1980s. chikhalidwe chifukwa zipatso zake mkulu, kukana kuti zinthu nyengo ndi udzu kwambiri pambuyo zokolola, mwamsanga zinatchuka mu France, sewerolo waukulu wa tirigu mu EEC. Triticale ntchito mu zakudya anthu ikukula mofulumira.

Conservation ndi ntchito za mbewu zosiyanasiyana majini

Tima ndondomeko mitanda ndi kusankha kutsogolera ndi kuchepetsa zosiyanasiyana majini a zomera nakulitsa mu makhalidwe awo onse. Zifukwa zoonekeratu, kusankha yokumba makamaka umalimbana kuwonjezeka zokolola, ndi pakati kwambiri yunifolomu mbadwa za anasankha mosamalitsa pamaziko a magazini nthawi zina anasowa kukaniza matenda. Mu chikhalidwe cha zomera kukhala yunifolomu kwambiri, popeza ena zizindikiro zawo ndi kutchulidwa kuposa enawo; Choncho pangozi yaikulu kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toononga ndi mbewu monga lonse. Mwachitsanzo, Helminthosporium mafangasi matenda a chimanga chifukwa cha mtundu wa Helminthosporium maydis (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) mu 1970, kuwonongedwa 15% ya mbewu mu US, kubweretsa zomvetsa pafupifupi $ 1 biliyoni. imfa Zikuoneka kuti kugwirizana ndi zikamera a mtundu watsopano wa bowa ndi oopsa kwambiri kwa ena mwa mizere ikuluikulu ya chimanga, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito yopanga mbewu wosakanizidwa. Ambiri mizere malonda yofunika ya mbewu cytoplasm anali ofanana monga kupanga chimanga hybrid mobwerezabwereza ntchito chimodzimodzi zomera pistillate.

Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka ayenera chakula kudzipatula ndi kusunga mzere zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana lalikulu kuti, ngakhale Uwerenge zizindikiro sikukutanthauza chidwi zachuma muli majini amene ali othandiza nkhondo kupitirirabe tizirombo ndi matenda.

hybrids wa tomato

Ogwira bwino kuwonjezera kuchuluka majini ndi kukopa mitundu zakutchire ndi phwetekere obereketsa. Kupanga izi chikhalidwe zosonkhanitsira mizere, kuyendetsedwa ndi Charles Rick ndi ndodo yake pa University of California, Davis, walola kuthana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana kwake kwakukulu, makamaka chifukwa cha ungwiro bowa Fusarium ndi Verticillum, ndi ena mavairasi. The zakudya mtengo wa phwetekere anali kwambiri kuchuluka. Komanso, zomera wosakaniza ndi zambiri kugonjetsedwa amenewa ndi zinthu zina chokhwima. Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa mwadongosolo deta, kusanthula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mizere zakutchire phwetekere kwa kuswana.

Monga mukuonera, hybrids interspecific ndi zingamuthandize kwambiri pa ulimi. Chifukwa cha iwo, inu mukhoza patsogolo zokolola ndi khalidwe la zomera. Tikumbukenso kuti osati zaulimi komanso ziweto ntchito kuwoloka. Chifukwa cha izo Mwachitsanzo, anaonekera bulu (chithunzi anapereka pamwamba). Iyi ndi hybrid, mtanda pakati pa bulu ndi Mayi wina.